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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) muaj ntau yam teebmeem rau lub cev thiab lub cev tib neeg. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) yog siv dav ua ib qho cuab yeej pharmacological los ntsuas cov teebmeem ntawm H2S hauv kev sim tshuaj lom neeg. Txawm hais tias kev poob ntawm H2S los ntawm NaHS cov tshuaj tsuas yog siv ob peb feeb xwb, NaHS cov tshuaj tau siv los ua cov khoom pub dawb rau H2S hauv dej haus hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj. Txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau tshawb xyuas seb dej haus nrog NaHS concentration ntawm 30 μM npaj rau hauv lub raj mis nas/nas puas tuaj yeem ruaj khov rau tsawg kawg 12-24 teev, raws li qee tus kws sau ntawv tau hais. Npaj cov tshuaj NaHS (30 μM) hauv dej haus thiab tam sim ntawd nchuav rau hauv lub raj mis dej nas/nas. Cov qauv tau sau los ntawm lub taub hau thiab sab hauv ntawm lub raj mis dej ntawm 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 thiab 24 teev los ntsuas cov ntsiab lus sulfide siv txoj kev methylene xiav. Ntxiv rau, cov nas txiv neej thiab poj niam tau txhaj tshuaj NaHS (30 μM) rau ob lub lis piam thiab cov ntshav sulfide concentration tau ntsuas txhua ob hnub thaum lub lim tiam thawj zaug thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub lim tiam thib ob. Cov kua NaHS hauv cov qauv tau los ntawm lub hau ntawm lub raj mis dej tsis ruaj khov; nws txo qis 72% thiab 75% tom qab 12 thiab 24 teev, raws li. Hauv cov qauv tau los ntawm sab hauv ntawm cov fwj dej, qhov txo qis hauv NaHS tsis tseem ceeb hauv 2 teev; txawm li cas los xij, nws txo qis 47% thiab 72% tom qab 12 thiab 24 teev, raws li. Kev txhaj tshuaj NaHS tsis cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav sulfide ntawm cov nas txiv neej thiab poj niam. Xaus lus, NaHS cov kua uas tau npaj los ntawm dej haus yuav tsum tsis txhob siv rau kev pub H2S vim tias cov kua tsis ruaj khov. Txoj kev tswj hwm no yuav ua rau cov tsiaj raug rau cov nyiaj tsis tu ncua thiab me dua li qhov xav tau ntawm NaHS.
Txij li xyoo 1700 los, Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) tau siv los ua ib yam tshuaj lom; txawm li cas los xij, nws lub luag haujlwm ua ib qho endogenous biosignaling molecule tau piav qhia los ntawm Abe thiab Kimura hauv xyoo 1996. Tau peb xyoo dhau los, ntau lub luag haujlwm ntawm H2S hauv ntau lub cev tib neeg tau raug piav qhia, ua rau pom tias H2S cov molecules pub dawb yuav muaj kev siv hauv kev kho mob lossis kev tswj hwm qee yam kab mob; saib Chirino et al. rau kev tshuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no.
Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) tau siv dav ua ib qho cuab yeej pharmacological los ntsuam xyuas cov teebmeem ntawm H2S hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kab lis kev cai thiab tsiaj txhu5,6,7,8. Txawm li cas los xij, NaHS tsis yog tus pub H2S zoo tagnrho vim tias nws hloov pauv sai sai rau H2S/HS- hauv cov tshuaj, yooj yim muaj kuab paug nrog polysulfides, thiab yooj yim oxidized thiab volatilized4,9. Hauv ntau qhov kev sim tshuaj lom neeg, NaHS yaj hauv dej, ua rau muaj kev volatilization tsis tu ncua thiab poob ntawm H2S10,11,12, kev oxidation ntawm H2S11,12,13, thiab photolysis14. Sulfide hauv cov tshuaj qub ploj sai heev vim yog kev volatilization ntawm H2S11. Hauv lub thawv qhib, lub sijhawm ib nrab (t1/2) ntawm H2S yog li 5 feeb, thiab nws qhov concentration txo qis li 13% ib feeb10. Txawm hais tias qhov poob ntawm hydrogen sulfide los ntawm NaHS cov tshuaj tsuas yog siv ob peb feeb xwb, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog tsiaj tau siv NaHS cov tshuaj ua qhov chaw ntawm hydrogen sulfide hauv dej haus rau 1-21 lub lis piam, hloov cov tshuaj uas muaj NaHS txhua 12-24 teev.15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 Qhov kev coj ua no tsis sib xws nrog cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev tshawb fawb, vim tias cov tshuaj noj yuav tsum raws li lawv siv rau lwm hom tsiaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tib neeg.27
Kev tshawb fawb ua ntej hauv biomedicine lub hom phiaj yog txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm kev saib xyuas tus neeg mob lossis kev kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm feem ntau ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tseem tsis tau txhais lus rau tib neeg28,29,30. Ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau qhov kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev txhais lus no yog qhov tsis muaj kev saib xyuas rau qhov zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsiaj30. Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog los tshawb xyuas seb 30 μM NaHS cov tshuaj uas tau npaj rau hauv cov fwj dej nas/nas puas tuaj yeem nyob ruaj khov hauv dej haus rau 12-24 teev, raws li tau thov lossis pom zoo hauv qee qhov kev tshawb fawb.
Txhua qhov kev sim hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau ua raws li cov lus qhia luam tawm rau kev saib xyuas thiab siv cov tsiaj hauv chaw kuaj mob hauv Iran31. Txhua daim ntawv qhia txog kev sim hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no kuj tau ua raws li cov lus qhia ARRIVE32. Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, tau pom zoo txhua txoj kev sim hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no.
Zinc acetate dihydrate (CAS: 5970-45-6) thiab anhydrous ferric chloride (CAS: 7705-08-0) tau yuav los ntawm Biochem, Chemopahrama (Cosne-sur-Loire, Fabkis teb). Sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (CAS: 207683-19-0) thiab N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) (CAS: 535-47-0) tau yuav los ntawm Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isoflurane tau yuav los ntawm Piramal (Bethlehem, PA, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) tau yuav los ntawm Merck (Darmstadt, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees).
Npaj cov tshuaj NaHS (30 μM) hauv dej haus thiab tam sim ntawd nchuav rau hauv lub raj mis dej nas/nas. Qhov kev sib xyaw no tau xaiv raws li ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm siv NaHS ua qhov chaw ntawm H2S; saib ntu Kev Sib Tham. NaHS yog cov tshuaj hydrated uas tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam dej ntawm hydration (piv txwv li, NaHS • xH2O); raws li cov chaw tsim khoom, feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm NaHS siv hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog 70.7% (piv txwv li, NaHS • 1.3 H2O), thiab peb tau coj tus nqi no rau hauv peb cov kev xam, qhov twg peb siv qhov hnyav molecular ntawm 56.06 g / mol, uas yog qhov hnyav molecular ntawm anhydrous NaHS. Dej ntawm hydration (tseem hu ua dej ntawm crystallization) yog cov dej molecules uas ua rau cov qauv crystalline33. Hydrates muaj cov khoom sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab thermodynamic piv rau anhydrates34.
Ua ntej ntxiv NaHS rau hauv dej haus, ntsuas pH thiab qhov kub ntawm cov tshuaj. Tam sim ntawd nchuav cov tshuaj NaHS rau hauv lub raj mis dej nas/nas hauv lub tawb tsiaj. Cov qauv tau sau los ntawm lub hau thiab los ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub raj mis dej ntawm 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, thiab 24 teev los ntsuas cov ntsiab lus sulfide. Kev ntsuas sulfide tau coj tam sim ntawd tom qab txhua qhov kev kuaj. Peb tau txais cov qauv los ntawm lub hau ntawm lub raj mis vim tias qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias qhov me me ntawm lub raj mis dej tuaj yeem txo qis H2S evaporation15,19. Qhov teeb meem no zoo li siv rau cov tshuaj hauv lub raj mis thiab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog qhov teeb meem rau cov tshuaj hauv lub caj dab ntawm lub raj mis dej, uas muaj qhov ceev evaporation siab dua thiab tau autoxidizing; qhov tseeb, cov tsiaj haus cov dej no ua ntej.
Cov nas Wistar txiv neej thiab poj niam tau siv rau hauv kev tshawb fawb no. Cov nas tau muab tso rau hauv cov tawb polypropylene (2-3 tus nas ib lub tawb) nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj (kub 21-26 °C, av noo 32-40%) nrog 12 teev ntawm lub teeb (7 sawv ntxov txog 7 tsaus ntuj) thiab 12 teev ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj (7 tsaus ntuj txog 7 sawv ntxov). Cov nas muaj kev nkag mus rau dej kais dawb thiab tau pub nrog cov chow ib txwm muaj (Khorak Dam Pars Company, Tehran, Iran). Cov nas Wistar uas muaj hnub nyoog sib xws (6 lub hlis) poj niam (n = 10, qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev: 190-230 g) thiab txiv neej (n = 10, qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev: 320-370 g) tau muab faib ua pawg tswj thiab NaHS (30 μM) kho (n = 5 ib pawg). Txhawm rau txiav txim siab qhov loj me ntawm cov qauv, peb tau siv txoj hauv kev KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid), uas muab kev paub dhau los thiab kev tshuaj xyuas lub zog ua ke35. Peb thawj zaug ua kev tshawb fawb sim rau 3 tus nas thiab txiav txim siab qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov tshuaj sulfide tag nrho thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm tus qauv (8.1 ± 0.81 μM). Tom qab ntawd, xav txog 80% lub zog thiab xav tias muaj ob sab 5% qhov tseem ceeb, peb txiav txim siab qhov loj me ntawm cov qauv (n = 5 raws li cov ntaub ntawv yav dhau los) uas sib raug rau qhov loj me ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 2.02 nrog rau tus nqi uas tau teev tseg los ntawm Festing rau kev xam qhov loj me ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov tsiaj sim35. Tom qab muab tus nqi no los ntawm SD (2.02 × 0.81), qhov loj me ntawm cov txiaj ntsig uas kwv yees tau (1.6 μM) yog 20%, uas yog qhov txais tau. Qhov no txhais tau tias n = 5 / pawg txaus los ntes tau 20% qhov hloov pauv nruab nrab ntawm cov pab pawg. Cov nas tau muab faib ua pawg tswj hwm thiab NaSH-kho siv cov haujlwm random ntawm Excel software 36 (Daim Duab Ntxiv 1). Kev dig muag tau ua tiav ntawm qib txiaj ntsig, thiab cov kws tshawb nrhiav ua qhov ntsuas biochemical tsis paub txog kev faib pawg.
Cov pab pawg NaHS ntawm ob tug poj niam txiv neej tau kho nrog 30 μM NaHS kua uas tau npaj rau hauv dej haus rau 2 lub lis piam; Cov kua tshiab tau muab txhua 24 teev, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev tau ntsuas. Cov qauv ntshav tau sau los ntawm cov ntsis ntawm txhua tus nas nyob rau hauv isoflurane anesthesia txhua ob hnub thaum kawg ntawm thawj thiab thib ob lub lis piam. Cov qauv ntshav tau centrifuged ntawm 3000 g rau 10 feeb, serum tau sib cais thiab khaws cia ntawm -80 ° C rau kev ntsuas tom qab ntawm serum urea, creatinine (Cr), thiab tag nrho sulfide. Serum urea tau txiav txim siab los ntawm enzymatic urease txoj kev, thiab serum creatinine tau txiav txim siab los ntawm photometric Jaffe txoj kev siv cov khoom siv muaj nyob hauv khw (Man Company, Tehran, Iran) thiab lub tshuab ntsuas tsis siv neeg (Selectra E, tus lej 0-2124, Lub Netherlands). Cov coefficients intra- thiab interassay ntawm kev hloov pauv rau urea thiab Cr tsawg dua 2.5%.
Txoj kev methylene xiav (MB) siv los ntsuas tag nrho cov sulfide hauv dej haus thiab cov ntshav uas muaj NaHS; MB yog txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev ntsuas sulfide hauv cov kua dej ntau thiab cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg11,37. Txoj kev MB siv tau los kwv yees tag nrho cov pas dej sulfide38 thiab ntsuas cov inorganic sulfides hauv daim ntawv ntawm H2S, HS- thiab S2 hauv cov dej theem39. Hauv txoj kev no, sulfur yog precipitated ua zinc sulfide (ZnS) nyob rau hauv qhov muaj zinc acetate11,38. Zinc acetate precipitation yog txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev cais cov sulfides ntawm lwm cov chromophores11. ZnS tau rov yaj siv HCl11 nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej acidic heev. Cov sulfide reacts nrog DMPD hauv qhov sib piv stoichiometric ntawm 1: 2 hauv qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalyzed los ntawm ferric chloride (Fe3 + ua haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing) los tsim cov xim MB, uas tau kuaj pom spectrophotometrically ntawm 670 nm40,41. Qhov kev txwv ntawm txoj kev MB yog kwv yees li 1 μM11.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, 100 μL ntawm txhua tus qauv (cov kua lossis cov ntshav) tau ntxiv rau hauv ib lub raj; tom qab ntawd 200 μL ntawm zinc acetate (1% w/v hauv dej distilled), 100 μL ntawm DMPD (20 mM hauv 7.2 M HCl), thiab 133 μL ntawm FeCl3 (30 mM hauv 1.2 M HCl) tau ntxiv. Cov khoom sib tov tau incubated ntawm 37°C hauv qhov tsaus ntuj rau 30 feeb. Cov kua tau centrifuged ntawm 10,000 g rau 10 feeb, thiab qhov absorbance ntawm supernatant tau nyeem ntawm 670 nm siv lub microplate nyeem ntawv (BioTek, MQX2000R2, Winooski, VT, USA). Cov sulfide concentration tau txiav txim siab siv cov kab calibration ntawm NaHS (0–100 μM) hauv ddH2O (Supplementary Fig. 2). Tag nrho cov kua siv rau kev ntsuas tau npaj tshiab. Cov coefficients ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm intra- thiab interassay rau kev ntsuas sulfide yog 2.8% thiab 3.4%, raws li. Peb kuj tau txiav txim siab tag nrho cov sulfide rov qab los ntawm cov dej haus thiab cov qauv serum uas muaj sodium thiosulfate siv cov qauv fortified42. Cov kev rov qab los rau cov dej haus thiab cov qauv serum uas muaj sodium thiosulfate yog 91 ± 1.1% (n = 6) thiab 93 ± 2.4% (n = 6), raws li.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2 rau Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, www.graphpad.com). Ib qho kev xeem t-paired tau siv los sib piv qhov kub thiab pH ntawm cov dej haus ua ntej thiab tom qab NaHS ntxiv. Qhov poob ntawm H2S hauv cov tshuaj NaHS tau suav ua feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm kev nqus, thiab los ntsuas seb qhov poob puas tseem ceeb, peb tau ua ib txoj kev rov ua dua ANOVA ua raws li Dunnett qhov kev xeem sib piv ntau. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev, serum urea, serum creatinine, thiab tag nrho serum sulfide dhau sijhawm tau piv rau ntawm cov nas tswj thiab NaHS-kho ntawm ntau tus poj niam txiv neej siv ob txoj kev sib xyaw (ntawm-hauv) ANOVA ua raws li Bonferroni post hoc xeem. Ob-tailed P tus nqi <0.05 tau suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Lub pH ntawm cov dej haus yog 7.60 ± 0.01 ua ntej ntxiv NaHS thiab 7.71 ± 0.03 tom qab ntxiv NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0029). Qhov kub ntawm cov dej haus yog 26.5 ± 0.2 thiab txo qis mus rau 26.2 ± 0.2 tom qab ntxiv NaHS (n = 13, p = 0.0128). Npaj 30 μM NaHS kua hauv dej haus thiab khaws cia rau hauv lub raj mis dej. NaHS kua tsis ruaj khov thiab nws qhov concentration txo qis raws sijhawm. Thaum kuaj los ntawm lub caj dab ntawm lub raj mis dej, pom tias muaj kev txo qis tseem ceeb (68.0%) hauv thawj teev, thiab cov ntsiab lus NaHS hauv cov kua txo qis los ntawm 72% thiab 75% tom qab 12 thiab 24 teev, raws li. Hauv cov qauv tau los ntawm cov fwj dej, qhov kev txo qis hauv NaHS tsis tseem ceeb txog li 2 teev, tab sis tom qab 12 thiab 24 teev nws tau txo qis los ntawm 47% thiab 72%, raws li. Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia tau tias feem pua ​​ntawm NaHS hauv 30 μM cov tshuaj uas tau npaj rau hauv dej haus tau txo qis mus txog kwv yees li ib feem plaub ntawm tus nqi pib tom qab 24 teev, tsis hais qhov chaw kuaj (Daim Duab 1).
Kev ruaj khov ntawm NaHS cov kua (30 μM) hauv dej haus hauv lub raj mis nas/nas. Tom qab npaj cov kua, cov qauv tau coj los ntawm lub hau thiab sab hauv ntawm lub raj mis dej. Cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm ua qhov nruab nrab ± SD (n = 6/pawg). * thiab #, P < 0.05 piv rau lub sijhawm 0. Daim duab ntawm lub raj mis dej qhia lub hau (nrog qhov qhib) thiab lub cev ntawm lub raj mis. Lub ntim ntawm lub hau yog kwv yees li 740 μL.
Qhov concentration ntawm NaHS hauv cov tshuaj 30 μM uas nyuam qhuav npaj yog 30.3 ± 0.4 μM (ntau yam: 28.7–31.9 μM, n = 12). Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab 24 teev, qhov concentration ntawm NaHS txo qis mus rau qhov qis dua (qhov nruab nrab: 3.0 ± 0.6 μM). Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 2, qhov concentration ntawm NaHS uas cov nas tau raug tsis ruaj khov thaum lub sijhawm kawm.
Qhov hnyav ntawm cov nas poj niam tau nce ntxiv ntau heev dhau sijhawm (los ntawm 205.2 ± 5.2 g mus rau 213.8 ± 7.0 g hauv pawg tswj thiab los ntawm 204.0 ± 8.6 g mus rau 211.8 ± 7.5 g hauv pawg kho NaHS); txawm li cas los xij, kev kho NaHS tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev (Daim Duab 3). Qhov hnyav ntawm cov nas txiv neej tau nce ntxiv ntau heev dhau sijhawm (los ntawm 338.6 ± 8.3 g mus rau 352.4 ± 6.0 g hauv pawg tswj thiab los ntawm 352.4 ± 5.9 g mus rau 363.2 ± 4.3 g hauv pawg kho NaHS); txawm li cas los xij, kev kho NaHS tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev (Daim Duab 3).
Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev hauv cov nas poj niam thiab txiv neej tom qab kev siv NaHS (30 μM). Cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm ua qhov nruab nrab ± SEM thiab tau muab piv siv kev tshuaj xyuas ob txoj kev sib xyaw (hauv-nruab nrab) ntawm qhov sib txawv nrog Bonferroni post hoc test. n = 5 ntawm txhua tus poj niam txiv neej hauv txhua pawg.
Cov ntshav urea thiab creatine phosphate concentration sib piv rau cov nas tswj thiab cov nas kho NaSH thoob plaws hauv kev tshawb fawb. Ntxiv mus, kev kho NaSH tsis cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav urea thiab creatinechrome concentration (Rooj 1).
Cov tshuaj sulfide tag nrho hauv cov ntshav tau sib piv ntawm cov nas uas tau kho nrog NaHS (8.1 ± 0.5 μM vs. 9.3 ± 0.2 μM) thiab cov nas poj niam (9.1 ± 1.0 μM vs. 6.1 ± 1.1 μM). Kev siv NaHS rau 14 hnub tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj sulfide tag nrho hauv cov nas txiv neej lossis poj niam (Daim Duab 4).
Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tshuaj sulfide tag nrho hauv cov nas txiv neej thiab poj niam tom qab kev siv NaHS (30 μM). Cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm ua qhov nruab nrab ± SEM thiab tau muab piv rau kev siv ob txoj kev sib xyaw (hauv-hauv) kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov sib txawv nrog Bonferroni post hoc test. Txhua tus poj niam txiv neej, n = 5 / pawg.
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog tias cov dej haus uas muaj NaHS tsis ruaj khov: tsuas yog kwv yees li ib feem plaub ntawm cov sulfide tag nrho pib tuaj yeem pom 24 teev tom qab kuaj los ntawm lub hau thiab sab hauv ntawm cov fwj dej nas/nas. Ntxiv mus, cov nas tau raug rau cov NaHS tsis ruaj khov vim yog qhov poob ntawm H2S hauv cov kua NaHS, thiab kev ntxiv NaHS rau hauv dej haus tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev, cov urea hauv cov ntshav thiab creatine chromium, lossis tag nrho cov sulfide hauv cov ntshav.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, tus nqi ntawm H2S poob los ntawm 30 μM NaHS cov tshuaj uas tau npaj hauv dej haus yog kwv yees li 3% ib teev. Hauv cov tshuaj buffered (100 μM sodium sulfide hauv 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4), qhov concentration ntawm sulfide tau tshaj tawm tias yuav txo qis 7% dhau sijhawm dhau 8 h11. Peb tau tiv thaiv kev tswj hwm intraperitoneal ntawm NaHS los ntawm kev tshaj tawm tias tus nqi ntawm sulfide poob los ntawm 54 μM NaHS cov tshuaj hauv dej haus yog kwv yees li 2.3% ib teev (4% / teev hauv thawj 12 teev thiab 1.4% / teev hauv 12 teev kawg tom qab npaj)8. Cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej43 pom tias muaj kev poob ntawm H2S tas li los ntawm NaHS cov tshuaj, feem ntau yog vim volatilization thiab oxidation. Txawm tias tsis muaj ntxiv cov npuas, sulfide hauv cov tshuaj Tshuag tau poob sai sai vim H2S volatilization11. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias thaum lub sijhawm dilution, uas siv sijhawm li 30–60 vib nas this, kwv yees li 5–10% ntawm H2S ploj vim yog evaporation6. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev evaporation ntawm H2S los ntawm cov tshuaj, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua ntau yam kev ntsuas, suav nrog kev sib xyaw maj mam ntawm cov tshuaj12, npog cov tshuaj nrog yas zaj duab xis6, thiab txo qhov kev raug ntawm cov tshuaj rau huab cua, vim tias tus nqi ntawm H2S evaporation nyob ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm huab cua-kua.13 Kev oxidation ntawm H2S tshwm sim feem ntau yog vim cov hlau hloov pauv ions, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ferric hlau, uas yog cov khoom tsis huv hauv dej.13 Kev oxidation ntawm H2S ua rau muaj cov polysulfides (sulfur atoms txuas nrog covalent bonds)11. Yuav kom tsis txhob muaj nws cov oxidation, cov tshuaj uas muaj H2S raug npaj rau hauv cov tshuaj deoxygenated solvents44,45 thiab tom qab ntawd purged nrog argon lossis nitrogen rau 20-30 feeb kom ntseeg tau tias deoxygenation.11,12,37,44,45,46 Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) yog ib qho hlau chelator (10-4 M) uas tiv thaiv H2- autoxidation hauv cov tshuaj aerobic. Yog tsis muaj DTPA, tus nqi autoxidation ntawm H2- yog kwv yees li 50% dhau li 3 teev ntawm 25 ° C37,47. Ntxiv mus, txij li thaum qhov oxidation ntawm 1e-sulfide yog catalyzed los ntawm lub teeb ultraviolet, cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau ntawm dej khov thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm lub teeb11.
Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 5, NaHS dissociates rau hauv Na+ thiab HS-6 thaum yaj hauv dej; qhov kev sib cais no yog txiav txim siab los ntawm pK1 ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias: pK1 = 3.122 + 1132/T, qhov twg T ntau ntawm 5 txog 30°C thiab ntsuas hauv degrees Kelvin (K), K = °C + 273.1548. HS- muaj pK2 siab (pK2 = 19), yog li ntawm pH < 96.49, S2- tsis tsim lossis tsim me me heev. Qhov sib txawv, HS- ua haujlwm ua lub hauv paus thiab txais H+ los ntawm H2O molecule, thiab H2O ua haujlwm ua kua qaub thiab hloov mus ua H2S thiab OH-.
Kev tsim cov pa roj H2S uas yaj hauv cov kua NaHS (30 µM). aq, cov kua dej; g, roj; l, kua. Tag nrho cov kev xam xav tias cov dej pH = 7.0 thiab qhov kub ntawm dej = 20 °C. Tsim nrog BioRender.com.
Txawm hais tias muaj pov thawj tias cov tshuaj NaHS tsis ruaj khov, ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog tsiaj tau siv cov tshuaj NaHS hauv dej haus ua cov tshuaj pub dawb H2S15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 nrog lub sijhawm cuam tshuam txij li 1 txog 21 lub lis piam (Rooj 2). Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb fawb no, cov tshuaj NaHS tau rov ua dua txhua 12 teev, 15, 17, 18, 24, 25 teev lossis 24 teev, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 teev. Peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias cov nas tau raug rau cov tshuaj tsis ruaj khov vim yog qhov poob ntawm H2S los ntawm cov tshuaj NaHS, thiab cov ntsiab lus NaHS hauv cov dej haus ntawm cov nas tau hloov pauv ntau dua 12 lossis 24 teev (saib Daim Duab 2). Ob ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tshaj tawm tias cov theem H2S hauv dej tseem ruaj khov dhau 24 h22 lossis tsuas yog 2-3% H2S poob tau pom dhau 12 h15, tab sis lawv tsis tau muab cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa lossis cov ntsiab lus ntsuas. Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias lub raj mis dej me me tuaj yeem txo qis H2S evaporation15,19. Txawm li cas los xij, peb cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias qhov no tsuas yog ncua H2S poob los ntawm lub raj mis dej los ntawm 2 teev es tsis yog 12-24 teev. Ob qho kev tshawb fawb sau tseg tias peb xav tias NaHS theem hauv dej haus tsis hloov pauv vim peb tsis tau pom kev hloov xim hauv dej; yog li ntawd, oxidation ntawm H2S los ntawm huab cua tsis tseem ceeb19,20. Qhov xav tsis thoob, txoj kev no ntsuas qhov ruaj khov ntawm NaHS hauv dej es tsis yog ntsuas qhov kev hloov pauv hauv nws qhov concentration dhau sijhawm.
Qhov poob ntawm H2S hauv NaHS cov kua muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog pH thiab kub. Raws li tau hais hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev yaj NaHS hauv dej ua rau muaj kev tsim cov kua alkaline50. Thaum NaHS yaj hauv dej, kev tsim cov roj H2S yaj nyob ntawm tus nqi pH6. Qhov pH qis dua ntawm cov kua, qhov ntau dua ntawm NaHS tam sim no ua cov roj H2S thiab ntau dua sulfide ploj ntawm cov kua aqueous11. Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tshaj tawm txog pH ntawm cov dej haus siv ua cov kuab tshuaj rau NaHS. Raws li WHO cov lus pom zoo, uas feem ntau lub tebchaws tau txais yuav, pH ntawm cov dej haus yuav tsum nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 6.5–8.551. Hauv qhov pH no, tus nqi ntawm kev oxidation ntawm H2S nce kwv yees li kaum npaug13. Kev yaj NaHS hauv dej hauv qhov pH no yuav ua rau muaj cov roj H2S yaj ntawm 1 txog 22.5 μM, uas hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev saib xyuas pH ntawm cov dej ua ntej yaj NaHS. Ntxiv mus, qhov kub thiab txias uas tau tshaj tawm hauv kev tshawb fawb saum toj no (18–26 °C) yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov roj H2S uas yaj hauv cov tshuaj ntawm kwv yees li 10%, vim tias qhov kev hloov pauv kub hloov pK1, thiab kev hloov pauv me me hauv pK1 tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau qhov concentration ntawm cov roj H2S uas yaj48. Ntxiv mus, lub sijhawm ntev ntawm qee qhov kev tshawb fawb (5 lub hlis)22, thaum lub sijhawm uas qhov kub thiab txias hloov pauv ntau, kuj ua rau qhov teeb meem no hnyav dua.
Txhua txoj kev tshawb fawb tshwj tsis yog ib qho 21 siv 30 μM NaHS kua hauv dej haus. Txhawm rau piav qhia txog cov koob tshuaj siv (piv txwv li 30 μM), qee tus kws sau ntawv tau taw qhia tias NaHS hauv theem dej tsim cov roj H2S tib yam nkaus thiab tias qhov ntau ntawm H2S yog 10 txog 100 μM, yog li cov koob tshuaj no nyob hauv qhov ntau ntawm physiological15,16. Lwm tus piav qhia tias 30 μM NaHS tuaj yeem tswj cov plasma H2S theem hauv qhov ntau ntawm physiological, piv txwv li 5–300 μM19,20. Peb xav txog qhov concentration ntawm NaHS hauv dej ntawm 30 μM (pH = 7.0, T = 20 °C), uas tau siv hauv qee txoj kev tshawb fawb los kawm txog cov teebmeem ntawm H2S. Peb tuaj yeem xam tias qhov concentration ntawm cov roj H2S yaj yog 14.7 μM, uas yog kwv yees li 50% ntawm qhov concentration NaHS pib. Tus nqi no zoo ib yam li tus nqi uas lwm tus kws sau ntawv tau xam hauv qab tib yam mob13,48.
Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev tswj hwm NaHS tsis hloov qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev; qhov tshwm sim no yog sib xws nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv cov nas txiv neej22,23 thiab cov nas txiv neej18; Txawm li cas los xij, ob txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias NaSH rov qab kho qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev hauv cov nas nephrectomized24,26, thaum lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tshaj tawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev tswj hwm NaSH ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub cev15,16,17,19,20,21,25. Ntxiv mus, hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev tswj hwm NaSH tsis cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav urea thiab creatine chromium, uas yog sib xws nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lwm daim ntawv qhia25.
Cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias kev ntxiv NaHS rau hauv dej haus rau 2 lub lis piam tsis cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov ntshav sulfide concentration hauv cov nas txiv neej thiab poj niam. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog sib xws nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Sen et al. (16): 8 lub lis piam ntawm kev kho mob nrog 30 μM NaHS hauv dej haus tsis cuam tshuam rau cov ntshav sulfide theem hauv cov nas tswj; txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau tshaj tawm tias qhov kev cuam tshuam no tau rov qab kho cov qib H2S txo qis hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov nas nephrectomized. Li et al. (22) kuj tau tshaj tawm tias kev kho mob nrog 30 μM NaHS hauv dej haus rau 5 lub hlis ua rau cov ntshav dawb sulfide theem nce ntxiv hauv cov nas laus los ntawm kwv yees li 26%. Lwm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis tau tshaj tawm txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov sulfide ncig tom qab ntxiv NaHS rau hauv dej haus.
Xya txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm siv Sigma NaHS15,16,19,20,21,22,23 tab sis tsis tau muab cov ntsiab lus ntxiv txog dej ntawm hydration, thiab tsib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis tau hais txog qhov chaw ntawm NaHS siv rau hauv lawv txoj kev npaj17,18,24,25,26. NaHS yog ib qho molecule hydrated thiab nws cov dej ntawm hydration cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem sib txawv, uas cuam tshuam rau qhov ntau ntawm NaHS xav tau los npaj cov tshuaj ntawm ib qho molarity. Piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus NaHS hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb yog NaHS•1.3 H2O. Yog li, qhov tseeb NaHS concentration hauv cov kev tshawb fawb no yuav qis dua li cov uas tau tshaj tawm.
"Yuav ua li cas ib qho tshuaj luv luv no thiaj li muaj txiaj ntsig ntev?" Pozgay et al.21 nug cov lus nug no thaum soj ntsuam cov teebmeem ntawm NaHS rau colitis hauv nas. Lawv vam tias kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej yuav teb tau cov lus nug no thiab xav tias NaHS cov kev daws teeb meem yuav muaj cov polysulfides ruaj khov dua ntxiv rau H2S thiab disulfides uas cuam tshuam rau cov teebmeem ntawm NaHS21. Lwm qhov ua tau yog tias qhov concentration qis heev ntawm NaHS uas tseem nyob hauv cov tshuaj kuj tseem yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Qhov tseeb, Olson et al. tau muab pov thawj tias cov micromolar ntawm H2S hauv cov ntshav tsis yog physiological thiab yuav tsum nyob hauv nanomolar ntau yam lossis tsis muaj tag nrho13. H2S tuaj yeem ua haujlwm los ntawm protein sulfation, kev hloov pauv tom qab txhais lus uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm, kev ruaj khov, thiab qhov chaw ntawm ntau cov protein52,53,54. Qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej physiological, kwv yees li 10% txog 25% ntawm ntau cov protein siab yog sulfylated53. Ob txoj kev tshawb fawb lees paub tias NaHS raug rhuav tshem sai sai19,23 tab sis qhov xav tsis thoob hais tias "peb tswj tau qhov concentration ntawm NaHS hauv dej haus los ntawm kev hloov nws txhua hnub."23 Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau hais tsis tau tias "NaHS yog tus pub H2S tus qauv thiab feem ntau siv hauv kev kho mob los hloov H2S nws tus kheej."18
Cov lus sib tham saum toj no qhia tau hais tias NaHS poob ntawm cov kua los ntawm kev ua kom yaj, oxidation thiab photolysis, thiab yog li ntawd qee cov lus qhia tau ua los txo qhov poob ntawm H2S los ntawm cov kua. Ua ntej, qhov evaporation ntawm H2S nyob ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov roj-kua13 thiab pH ntawm cov kua11; yog li ntawd, kom txo qhov poob evaporative, lub caj dab ntawm lub raj mis dej tuaj yeem ua kom me me li sai tau raws li tau piav qhia ua ntej15,19, thiab pH ntawm cov dej tuaj yeem hloov kho rau qhov txwv siab tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, 6.5–8.551) kom txo qhov poob evaporative11. Qhov thib ob, kev oxidation ntawm H2S tshwm sim vim yog cov teebmeem ntawm oxygen thiab muaj cov hlau hloov pauv ions hauv dej haus13, yog li deoxygenation ntawm dej haus nrog argon lossis nitrogen44,45 thiab kev siv cov hlau chelators37,47 tuaj yeem txo qhov oxidation ntawm sulfides. Qhov thib peb, kom tiv thaiv kev photodecomposition ntawm H2S, lub raj mis dej tuaj yeem qhwv nrog ntawv ci txhuas; Qhov kev coj ua no kuj siv rau cov ntaub ntawv rhiab heev rau lub teeb xws li streptozotocin55. Thaum kawg, cov ntsev inorganic sulfide (NaHS, Na2S, thiab CaS) tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm gavage es tsis txhob yaj rau hauv dej haus raws li tau tshaj tawm ua ntej56,57,58; kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov tshuaj sodium sulfide uas tau muab los ntawm gavage rau nas tau nqus tau zoo thiab faib rau txhua cov ntaub so ntswg59. Txog niaj hnub no, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau muab cov ntsev inorganic sulfide intraperitoneally; txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev no tsis tshua muaj siv hauv cov chaw kho mob60. Ntawm qhov tod tes, txoj kev noj yog txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab nyiam tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg61. Yog li ntawd, peb pom zoo kom soj ntsuam cov teebmeem ntawm cov neeg pub H2S hauv cov nas los ntawm qhov ncauj gavage.
Ib qho kev txwv yog tias peb ntsuas sulfide hauv cov kua dej thiab cov ntshav siv txoj kev MB. Cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuas sulfide suav nrog iodine titration, spectrophotometry, electrochemical method (potentiometry, amperometry, coulometric method thiab amperometric method) thiab chromatography (gas chromatography thiab high-performance liquid chromatography), ntawm cov uas feem ntau siv txoj kev yog MB spectrophotometric method62. Ib qho kev txwv ntawm MB txoj kev rau kev ntsuas H2S hauv cov qauv biological yog tias nws ntsuas txhua yam sulfur-muaj cov tshuaj thiab tsis yog H2S dawb63 vim nws tau ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej acidic, uas ua rau rho tawm sulfur los ntawm qhov chaw biological64. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li American Public Health Association, MB yog tus qauv txoj kev rau kev ntsuas sulfide hauv dej65. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txwv no tsis cuam tshuam rau peb cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj uas muaj NaHS. Ntxiv mus, hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev rov qab los ntawm kev ntsuas sulfide hauv cov qauv dej thiab cov ntshav uas muaj NaHS yog 91% thiab 93%, raws li. Cov nqi no yog nyob rau hauv kab nrog cov ntau yam uas tau tshaj tawm ua ntej (77–92)66, qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tau txais42. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau tseg tias peb tau siv ob qho tib si nas txiv neej thiab poj niam raws li National Institutes of Health (NIH) cov lus qhia kom tsis txhob muaj kev cia siab rau kev tshawb fawb txog tsiaj txiv neej nkaus xwb hauv kev tshawb fawb ua ntej67 thiab suav nrog ob qho tib si nas txiv neej thiab poj niam thaum twg ua tau68. Lub ntsiab lus no tau raug hais los ntawm lwm tus69,70,71.
Xaus lus, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau tias cov tshuaj NaHS uas tau npaj los ntawm dej haus tsis tuaj yeem siv los tsim H2S vim lawv tsis ruaj khov. Txoj kev siv tshuaj no yuav ua rau cov tsiaj tsis ruaj khov thiab qis dua qhov xav tau ntawm NaHS; yog li ntawd, cov kev tshawb pom yuav tsis siv tau rau tib neeg.
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