Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com. Koj siv lub browser version uas muaj kev txhawb nqa CSS tsawg. Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv lub browser hloov tshiab (lossis kaw Compatibility Mode hauv Internet Explorer). Tsis tas li ntawd, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev txhawb nqa txuas ntxiv, peb qhia lub xaib tsis muaj cov qauv thiab JavaScript.
Cov sliders qhia peb tsab xov xwm rau ib daim slide. Siv cov nyees khawm rov qab thiab tom ntej kom txav mus los ntawm cov slides, lossis cov nyees khawm tswj slides thaum kawg kom txav mus los ntawm txhua daim slides.
Kev ua qias tuaj ntawm Cadmium (Cd) ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj Panax notoginseng hauv xeev Yunnan. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ntxhov siab Cd sab nraud, kev sim ua teb tau ua los nkag siab txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv txiv qaub ntsuab (0.750, 2250 thiab 3750 kg bm-2) thiab tshuaj tsuag oxalic acid (0, 0.1 thiab 0.2 mol l-1) ntawm Cd kev sib sau ua ke. thiab kev ua haujlwm antioxidant Cov khoom siv hauv lub cev thiab tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau Panax notoginseng. Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia tias kev siv quicklime thiab kev txau nplooj nrog oxalic acid tuaj yeem ua rau Ca2+ theem hauv Panax notoginseng nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv Cd kev ntxhov siab thiab txo Cd2+ lom. Kev ntxiv txiv qaub ntsuab thiab oxalic acid ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzymes antioxidant ntau ntxiv thiab hloov pauv cov metabolism ntawm osmoregulators. CAT kev ua haujlwm nce ntxiv ntau tshaj plaws, nce 2.77 npaug. Kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm SOD nce 1.78 npaug thaum kho nrog oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA txo qis 58.38%. Muaj kev sib raug zoo heev nrog cov suab thaj uas yaj tau, cov amino acid dawb, proline, thiab cov protein uas yaj tau. Txiv qaub ntsuab thiab oxalic acid tuaj yeem ua rau cov calcium ions (Ca2+), txo Cd, txhim kho kev ua siab ntev hauv Panax notoginseng, thiab ua rau tag nrho cov saponins thiab flavonoid ntau ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cd yog qhov qis tshaj plaws, qis dua 68.57% piv rau hauv kev tswj hwm, uas sib raug rau tus nqi txheem (Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, GB/T 19086-2008). Qhov feem pua ​​ntawm SPN yog 7.73%, uas mus txog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua qhov kev kho mob, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm flavonoids nce ntxiv ntau los ntawm 21.74%, mus txog tus nqi txheem tshuaj thiab qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.
Cadmium (Cd), ua ib yam khoom uas muaj kuab lom ntau hauv cov av cog qoob loo, yooj yim kis mus rau lwm qhov thiab muaj kev lom tshuaj lom neeg loj heev1. El Shafei et al. 2 tau tshaj tawm tias kev lom Cd cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas siv. Nyob rau xyoo tas los no, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cadmium ntau dhau hauv cov av ntawm cov av cog qoob loo hauv sab qab teb sab hnub poob Suav teb tau dhau los ua qhov teeb meem loj heev. Xeev Yunnan yog Tuam Tshoj lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Biodiversity, ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj ntsuab yog thawj zaug hauv lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom siv nplua nuj ntawm Xeev Yunnan ua rau muaj kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov hlau hnyav hauv av thaum lub sijhawm khawb av, uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov nroj tsuag tshuaj hauv zos.
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) Chen3 yog ib hom tshuaj ntsuab uas muaj nqis heev uas yog los ntawm Araliaceae Panax ginseng. Cov cag Panax notoginseng pab kom cov ntshav ncig zoo, tshem tawm cov ntshav tsis ntws thiab txo qhov mob. Qhov chaw tsim khoom tseem ceeb yog Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province 5. Cov pa phem ntawm Cd muaj nyob rau ntau dua 75% ntawm thaj av hauv thaj chaw cog Panax notoginseng thiab ntau tshaj 81-100% ntawm ntau qhov chaw6. Cov teebmeem lom ntawm Cd kuj txo qis kev tsim cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm Panax notoginseng, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog saponins thiab flavonoids. Saponins yog ib chav kawm ntawm aglycones, ntawm cov aglycones yog triterpenoids lossis spirosteranes, uas yog cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov tshuaj ntsuab Suav thiab muaj saponins. Qee cov saponins kuj muaj cov haujlwm tseem ceeb xws li kev ua haujlwm antibacterial, antipyretic, sedative thiab anticancer7. Feem ntau Flavonoids yog hais txog cov tshuaj uas muaj ob lub nplhaib benzene nrog cov pab pawg phenolic hydroxyl txuas nrog peb lub hauv paus carbon, thiab lub hauv paus tseem ceeb yog 2-phenylchromanone 8. Nws yog ib qho antioxidant muaj zog, uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov pa oxygen dawb hauv cov nroj tsuag, tiv thaiv kev tawm ntawm cov enzymes biological inflammatory, txhawb kev kho qhov txhab thiab kev mob, thiab txo cov roj cholesterol. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb ntawm Panax Ginseng. Kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov av qias neeg nrog cadmium hauv thaj chaw tsim khoom ntawm Panax notoginseng yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua kom ntseeg tau tias nws cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb.
Txiv qaub ntsuab yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv uas feem ntau siv los kho cov av cadmium uas muaj kuab lom. Nws cuam tshuam rau kev nqus thiab kev tso Cd hauv av thiab txo cov haujlwm ntawm Cd hauv av los ntawm kev nce pH thiab hloov pauv lub peev xwm pauv cation hauv av (CEC), cov ntsev hauv av (BS), cov peev xwm redox hauv av (Eh)3,11. Tsis tas li ntawd, txiv qaub ntsuab muab ntau Ca2+, uas tsim cov ionic antagonism nrog Cd2+, sib tw rau cov hauv paus adsorption, tiv thaiv kev thauj mus los ntawm Cd mus rau qhov tua, thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom tsawg. Nrog rau kev ntxiv 50 mmol l-1 Ca hauv qab kev ntxhov siab Cd, kev thauj mus los ntawm Cd hauv nplooj sesame tau raug txwv thiab kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Cd tau txo qis 80%. Muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb cuam tshuam tau tshaj tawm txog mov (Oryza sativa L.) thiab lwm yam qoob loo12,13.
Kev txau cov nplooj ntawm cov qoob loo kom tswj tau qhov kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov hlau hnyav yog ib txoj kev tshiab los daws cov hlau hnyav hauv xyoo tas los no. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus feem ntau yog cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj chelation hauv cov hlwb cog, uas ua rau cov hlau hnyav raug tso rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm tes thiab tiv thaiv kev nqus ntawm cov hlau hnyav los ntawm cov nroj tsuag14,15. Ua tus neeg sawv cev dicarboxylic acid chelating ruaj khov, oxalic acid tuaj yeem ncaj qha chelate cov hlau hnyav ions hauv cov nroj tsuag, yog li txo qhov kev lom. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias oxalic acid hauv taum pauv tuaj yeem chelate Cd2 + thiab tso tawm Cd-muaj cov siv lead ua los ntawm trichome apical hlwb, txo cov Cd2 + hauv lub cev16. Oxalic acid tuaj yeem tswj cov av pH, nce superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), thiab catalase (CAT) cov haujlwm, thiab tswj kev nkag mus ntawm cov suab thaj soluble, cov protein soluble, cov amino acid dawb, thiab proline. Metabolic modulators 17,18. Cov tshuaj acidic thiab ntau dhau Ca2 + hauv cov nroj tsuag oxalate tsim cov calcium oxalate precipitates nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua ntawm cov protein noob. Kev tswj hwm ntawm Ca2+ concentration hauv cov nroj tsuag tuaj yeem tswj tau cov oxalic acid thiab Ca2+ uas yaj hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke ntawm oxalic acid thiab Ca2+19,20 ntau dhau.
Qhov ntau ntawm cov txiv qaub ntsuab siv yog ib qho ntawm cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev kho dua tshiab. Nws tau tsim tsa tias kev siv cov txiv qaub ntsuab ntau ntawm 750 txog 6000 kg·h·m−2. Rau cov av acidic nrog pH 5.0-5.5, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv txiv qaub ntsuab ntawm qhov koob tshuaj ntawm 3000-6000 kg·h·m-2 yog qhov siab dua li ntawm qhov koob tshuaj ntawm 750 kg·h·m-221. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv txiv qaub ntsuab ntau dhau yuav ua rau muaj qee qhov tsis zoo rau cov av, xws li kev hloov pauv loj hauv av pH thiab av compaction22. Yog li ntawd, peb teeb tsa cov theem kho CaO li 0, 750, 2250 thiab 3750 kg·h·m−2. Thaum oxalic acid tau siv rau Arabidopsis, Ca2+ tau pom tias raug txo qis ntawm 10 mM L-1, thiab tsev neeg CRT gene uas cuam tshuam rau Ca2+ signaling tau teb zoo heev20. Qhov kev sib sau ua ke ntawm qee qhov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau tso cai rau peb txiav txim siab qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm qhov kev sim no thiab txuas ntxiv kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntxiv sab nraud ntawm Ca2 + thiab Cd2 + 23,24,25. Yog li, txoj kev tshawb fawb no lub hom phiaj yog tshawb nrhiav cov txheej txheem tswj hwm ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm kev siv cov kua qaub ntsuab thiab cov nplooj tsuag ntawm oxalic acid rau cov ntsiab lus Cd thiab kev ua siab ntev ntawm Panax notoginseng hauv cov av uas muaj Cd, thiab los tshawb nrhiav ntxiv txog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov txhais tau tias zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kho mob zoo. lav. Tawm ntawm Panax notoginseng. Nws muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig los coj kev nthuav dav ntawm kev cog qoob loo hauv cov av uas muaj cadmium thiab kev muab cov khoom lag luam zoo, ruaj khov kom tau raws li kev thov ua lag luam rau cov tshuaj.
Siv cov khoom siv hauv zos Wenshan notoginseng ua cov khoom siv, kev sim ua teb tau ua nyob rau hauv Lannizhai (24 ° 11′N, 104 ° 3′E, qhov siab 1446m), Qiubei County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kub yog 17 ° C thiab qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo nag yog 1250 hli. Cov nqi keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov av kawm: TN 0.57 g kg-1, TP 1.64 g kg-1, TC 16.31 g kg-1, RH 31.86 g kg-1, alkaline hydrolyzed N 88.82 mg kg-1, P zoo 18.55. mg kg-1, muaj K 100.37 mg kg-1, tag nrho Cd 0.3 mg kg-1 thiab pH 5.4.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 10, 6 mg/kg Cd2+ (CdCl2 2.5H2O) thiab txiv qaub ntsuab (0.750, 2250 thiab 3750 kg h m-2) tau siv thiab sib xyaw nrog cov av saum toj 0–10 cm hauv txhua daim phiaj, 2017. Txhua qhov kev kho mob tau rov ua dua 3 zaug. Cov phiaj xwm sim tau nyob random, thaj chaw ntawm txhua daim phiaj yog 3 m2. Cov noob Panax notoginseng uas muaj ib xyoos tau cog tom qab 15 hnub ntawm kev cog qoob loo hauv av. Thaum siv cov ntaub thaiv ntxoov ntxoo, lub zog ntawm Panax notoginseng hauv cov ntaub thaiv ntxoov ntxoo yog li 18% ntawm lub zog ntawm lub teeb ntuj ib txwm muaj. Loj hlob raws li cov txheej txheem cog qoob loo hauv zos. Los ntawm theem kev loj hlob ntawm Panax notoginseng hauv xyoo 2019, oxalic acid yuav raug txau ua sodium oxalate. Qhov concentration ntawm oxalic acid yog 0, 0.1 thiab 0.2 mol l-1, raws li, thiab pH tau kho rau 5.16 nrog NaOH kom ua raws li qhov nruab nrab pH ntawm cov khib nyiab filtrate. Tshuaj tsuag rau sab saud thiab sab hauv qab ntawm nplooj ib zaug ib lub lim tiam thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov. Tom qab tshuaj tsuag 4 zaug, cov nroj tsuag Panax notoginseng uas muaj 3 xyoos tau sau thaum lub lim tiam 5.
Thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2019, cov nroj tsuag Panax notoginseng uas muaj peb xyoos uas tau kho nrog oxalic acid tau raug sau rau hauv daim teb. Qee cov qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag Panax notoginseng uas muaj peb xyoos uas yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas cov metabolism thiab enzymatic kev ua haujlwm tau muab tso rau hauv cov raj tub yees, khov sai sai hauv cov kua nitrogen, thiab tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau lub tub yees ntawm -80 ° C. Qhov feem ntawm theem paub tab yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab hauv cov qauv hauv paus rau Cd thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag. Tom qab ntxuav nrog dej kais, qhuav ntawm 105 ° C rau 30 feeb, tuav cov pawg ntawm 75 ° C thiab zom cov qauv hauv lub mortar. khaws cia.
Muab 0.2 g ntawm cov qauv cog qhuav rau hauv lub raj mis Erlenmeyer, ntxiv 8 ml HNO3 thiab 2 ml HClO4 thiab kaw ib hmos. Hnub tom qab, lub raj mis uas muaj lub caj dab nkhaus raug muab tso rau hauv lub raj mis peb ceg rau kev rhuav tshem hluav taws xob kom txog thaum muaj pa dawb tshwm sim thiab cov tshuaj rhuav tshem pom tseeb. Tom qab txias mus rau qhov kub thiab txias hauv chav tsev, cov khoom sib xyaw tau raug xa mus rau hauv lub raj mis volumetric 10 ml. Cov ntsiab lus Cd tau txiav txim siab ntawm lub tshuab ntsuas atomic absorption (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA). (GB/T 23739-2009).
Muab 0.2 g ntawm cov qauv cog qhuav rau hauv lub raj mis yas 50 ml, ntxiv 10 ml ntawm 1 mol l-1 HCL, kaw thiab co rau 15 teev thiab lim. Siv lub pipette, kos cov dej lim kom txaus rau qhov dilution thiab ntxiv cov kua SrCl2 kom coj qhov concentration Sr2+ mus rau 1 g L-1. Cov ntsiab lus Ca tau txiav txim siab siv lub atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo ICE™ 3300 AAS, USA).
Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), thiab catalase (CAT) cov txheej txheem siv cov khoom siv (DNM-9602, Beijing Pulang New Technology Co., Ltd., tus lej rau npe khoom), siv cov khoom siv ntsuas sib xws No.: Jingyaodianji (quasi) lo lus 2013 No. 2400147).
Hnyav 0.05 g ntawm cov qauv Panax notoginseng thiab ntxiv cov tshuaj anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent rau ntawm sab ntawm lub raj. Co lub raj rau 2-3 vib nas this kom sib tov cov kua kom huv si. Muab lub raj tso rau ntawm lub khib raj kuaj rau 15 feeb. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab thaj uas yaj tau raug txiav txim siab siv UV-pom spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Tuam Tshoj) ntawm qhov ntev ntawm 620 nm.
Hnyav 0.5 g ntawm cov qauv tshiab ntawm Panax notoginseng, zom nws kom homogenate nrog 5 ml ntawm dej distilled thiab centrifuge ntawm 10,000 g rau 10 feeb. Dilute lub supernatant rau ib qho ntim ruaj khov. Siv txoj kev Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble tau txiav txim siab siv spectrophotometry hauv ultraviolet thiab thaj chaw pom ntawm spectrum (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Tuam Tshoj) ntawm qhov wavelength ntawm 595 nm thiab suav los ntawm tus qauv nkhaus ntawm bovine serum albumin.
Hnyav 0.5 g cov qauv tshiab, ntxiv 5 ml 10% acetic acid kom zom thiab homogenize, lim thiab dilute kom txog thaum ntim tas li. Txoj kev Chromogenic siv cov kua ninhydrin. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids dawb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm ultraviolet-pom spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Tuam Tshoj) ntawm qhov ntev ntawm 570 nm thiab suav los ntawm tus qauv leucine nkhaus.
Hnyav 0.5 g ntawm cov qauv tshiab, ntxiv 5 ml ntawm 3% cov tshuaj sulfosalicylic acid, cua sov hauv dej da dej thiab co rau 10 feeb. Tom qab txias, cov tshuaj tau lim thiab diluted kom muaj qhov ntim tas li. Siv txoj kev acid ninhydrin chromogenic. Cov ntsiab lus proline tau txiav txim siab los ntawm UV-pom spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Tuam Tshoj) ntawm qhov ntev ntawm 520 nm thiab suav los ntawm cov qauv proline.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm saponins tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv cov kua chromatography ua haujlwm siab (HPLC) raws li Pharmacopoeia ntawm Lub Tebchaws Suav (tsab ntawv xyoo 2015). Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm HPLC yog siv cov kua siab ua theem txav tau thiab siv cov thev naus laus zis sib cais zoo heev ntawm cov kem theem ruaj khov rau cov khoom me me. Cov txuj ci ua haujlwm yog raws li nram no:
HPLC tej yam kev mob thiab kev sim ua kom haum rau lub kaw lus (Rooj 1): Kev siv gradient elution tau ua raws li cov lus hauv qab no, siv silica gel khi nrog octadecylsilane ua tus muab tub lim, acetonitrile ua theem txawb A, dej ua theem txawb B, thiab qhov ntev ntawm kev kuaj pom yog 203 nm. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov khob theoretical suav los ntawm R1 ncov ntawm Panax notoginseng saponins yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 4000.
Kev npaj cov tshuaj siv los ua piv txwv: Ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 thiab notoginsenosides R1 kom raug, ntxiv methanol kom tau cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rg1, 0.4 mg ginsenoside Rb1 thiab 0.1 mg notoginsenoside R1 ib ml.
Kev npaj cov tshuaj sim: Ntsuas 0.6 g ntawm Sanxin hmoov thiab ntxiv 50 ml ntawm methanol. Cov khoom sib xyaw tau ntsuas (W1) thiab tso tseg ib hmos. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw tom qab ntawd tau muab rhaub me ntsis hauv lub dab dej dej ntawm 80 ° C rau 2 teev. Tom qab txias, ntsuas cov tshuaj sib xyaw thiab ntxiv cov methanol rau hauv thawj qhov hnyav ntawm W1. Tom qab ntawd co zoo thiab lim. Cov lim tau tso tseg rau kev txiav txim siab.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm saponin tau nqus tau raug los ntawm 10 µl ntawm cov kua txheem thiab 10 µl ntawm cov lim dej thiab txhaj rau hauv HPLC (Thermo HPLC-ultimate 3000, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., Ltd.)24.
Tus qauv nkhaus: kev txiav txim siab ntawm Rg1, Rb1, R1 sib xyaw cov kua txheem, cov xwm txheej chromatography zoo ib yam li saum toj no. Xam tus qauv nkhaus nrog thaj chaw ntsuas siab tshaj plaws ntawm y-axis thiab qhov concentration ntawm saponin hauv cov kua txheem ntawm abscissa. Txuas qhov ntsuas siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv rau hauv tus qauv nkhaus kom xam qhov saponin concentration.
Ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm 0.1 g ntawm P. notogensings thiab ntxiv 50 ml ntawm 70% CH3OH kua. Sonicate rau 2 teev, tom qab ntawd centrifuge ntawm 4000 rpm rau 10 feeb. Noj 1 ml ntawm supernatant thiab dilute nws 12 zaug. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm flavonoids tau txiav txim siab los ntawm ultraviolet-pom spectrophotometry (UV-5800, Shanghai Yuanxi Instrument Co., Ltd., Tuam Tshoj) ntawm qhov ntev ntawm 249 nm. Quercetin yog ib qho tshuaj muaj ntau tus qauv8.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau teeb tsa siv Excel 2010 software. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau soj ntsuam siv SPSS Statistics 20 software. Daim duab kos los ntawm keeb kwm Pro 9.1. Cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog qhov nruab nrab ± tus qauv sib txawv. Cov lus hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav lej yog raws li P<0.05.
Yog tias txau cov nplooj nrog tib qho concentration ntawm oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus Ca hauv cov hauv paus ntawm Panax notoginseng nce ntxiv ntau nrog kev siv txiv qaub ntau ntxiv (Rooj 2). Piv rau tsis siv txiv qaub, cov ntsiab lus Ca nce 212% ntawm 3750 kg ppm txiv qaub tsis muaj oxalic acid tsuag. Ntawm tib qhov kev siv txiv qaub, cov ntsiab lus calcium nce me ntsis nrog kev siv oxalic acid ntau ntxiv.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cd hauv cov cag sib txawv ntawm 0.22 txog 0.70 mg / kg. Ntawm tib qhov concentration ntawm oxalic acid tsuag, cov ntsiab lus ntawm 2250 kg hm-2 Cd txo qis ntau nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov txiv qaub ntsuab. Piv rau cov tswj, thaum txau cov cag nrog 2250 kg gm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab thiab 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus Cd txo qis los ntawm 68.57%. Thaum siv tsis muaj txiv qaub ntsuab thiab 750 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab, cov ntsiab lus Cd hauv cov cag ntawm Panax notoginseng txo qis ntau nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm oxalic acid tsuag. Nrog rau kev qhia txog 2250 kg ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab gm-2 thiab 3750 kg ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab gm-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cd hauv cov cag thawj zaug txo qis thiab tom qab ntawd nce nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov concentration ntawm oxalic acid. Ntxiv rau, 2D kev tshuaj xyuas qhia tau hais tias Ca cov ntsiab lus hauv Panax notoginseng cag tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab (F = 82.84 **), Cd cov ntsiab lus hauv Panax notoginseng cag tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab (F = 74.99 **) thiab oxalic acid. (F = 74.99 **). F = 7.72 *).
Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev siv cov txiv qaub ntsuab thiab qhov concentration ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA tau txo qis heev. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus MDA ntawm Panax notoginseng cov hauv paus kho nrog txiv qaub ntsuab thiab 3750 kg g / m2 txiv qaub ntsuab. Ntawm cov nqi thov ntawm 750 kg hm-2 thiab 2250 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab, cov ntsiab lus MDA hauv 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid thaum txau yog 58.38% thiab 40.21% qis dua li hauv cov oxalic acid uas tsis txau, raws li. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm MDA (7.57 nmol g-1) yog qhov qis tshaj plaws thaum 750 kg ntawm hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab thiab 0.2 mol l-1 ntawm oxalic acid tau ntxiv (Daim duab 1).
Cov nyhuv ntawm kev txau nplooj nrog oxalic acid rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus malondialdehyde hauv Panax notoginseng cov hauv paus hniav hauv qab cadmium kev ntxhov siab [J]. P <0.05). Tib yam hauv qab no.
Tsuas yog siv 3750 kg h m-2 ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab xwb, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv SOD kev ua haujlwm ntawm Panax notoginseng hauv paus system. Thaum siv txiv qaub ntsuab 0, 750 thiab 2250 kg hm-2, kev ua haujlwm ntawm SOD thaum txau 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid yog siab dua li tsis muaj kev kho mob nrog oxalic acid, uas nce 177.89%, 61.62% thiab 45.08% feem. SOD kev ua haujlwm (598.18 units g-1) hauv cov hauv paus yog siab tshaj plaws thaum kho tsis muaj txiv qaub ntsuab thiab txau nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid. Ntawm tib qhov concentration tsis muaj oxalic acid lossis txau nrog 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, SOD kev ua haujlwm nce ntxiv nrog kev siv txiv qaub ntsuab ntau ntxiv. SOD kev ua haujlwm txo qis tom qab txau nrog 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid (Daim duab 2).
Cov nyhuv ntawm kev txau nplooj nrog oxalic acid rau ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, thiab catalase hauv Panax notoginseng cov hauv paus hniav hauv qab cadmium kev ntxhov siab [J].
Zoo ib yam li SOD kev ua haujlwm hauv cov hauv paus, POD kev ua haujlwm hauv cov hauv paus (63.33 µmol g-1) yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thaum txau tsis muaj txiv qaub thiab 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid, uas yog 148.35% siab dua li kev tswj hwm (25.50 µmol g-1). . POD kev ua haujlwm thawj zaug nce thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm oxalic acid tsuag concentration thiab 3750 kg hm −2 txiv qaub kho. Piv rau kev kho mob nrog 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, POD kev ua haujlwm txo qis los ntawm 36.31% thaum kho nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Daim duab 2).
Tsuas yog txau 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid thiab siv 2250 kg hm-2 lossis 3750 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab, CAT kev ua ub no siab dua li kev tswj hwm. CAT kev ua ub no ntawm kev kho mob nrog 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid thiab kev kho mob nrog txiv qaub ntsuab 0.2250 kg h m-2 lossis 3750 kg h m-2 nce los ntawm 276.08%, 276.69% thiab 33.05% feem piv rau tsis muaj kev kho mob oxalic acid. CAT kev ua ub no ntawm cov hauv paus hniav (803.52 µmol g-1) kho nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid yog qhov siab tshaj plaws. CAT kev ua ub no (172.88 µmol g-1) yog qhov qis tshaj plaws hauv kev kho mob ntawm 3750 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab thiab 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Daim duab 2).
Kev tshuaj xyuas ob yam qhia tau hais tias Panax notoginseng CAT kev ua haujlwm thiab MDA muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov ntau ntawm oxalic acid lossis txiv qaub txau thiab ob qho kev kho mob (Rooj 3). SOD kev ua haujlwm hauv cov hauv paus hniav muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev kho txiv qaub thiab oxalic acid lossis kev siv oxalic acid tsuag. Cov hauv paus hniav POD kev ua haujlwm muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov ntau ntawm txiv qaub siv lossis nrog kev siv txiv qaub thiab oxalic acid tib lub sijhawm.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab thaj uas yaj tau hauv cov qoob loo hauv paus tau txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev siv cov txiv qaub ntsuab thiab qhov concentration ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab thaj uas yaj tau hauv cov hauv paus ntawm Panax notoginseng yam tsis muaj kev siv cov txiv qaub ntsuab thiab nrog rau kev siv 750 kg·h·m−2 ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab. Thaum siv 2250 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab thaj uas yaj tau thaum kho nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid yog siab dua li thaum txau nrog cov kua qaub ntsuab uas tsis yog oxalic, uas nce 22.81%. Thaum siv cov txiv qaub ntsuab hauv qhov ntau ntawm 3750 kg·h·m-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab thaj uas yaj tau txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab thaj uas yaj tau ntawm 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid tsuag kho yog 38.77% qis dua li ntawm kev kho tsis muaj kev kho oxalic acid. Ntxiv rau, kev tsuag tshuaj nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid muaj cov piam thaj soluble qis tshaj plaws ntawm 205.80 mg g-1 (Daim Duab 3).
Cov nyhuv ntawm kev txau nplooj nrog oxalic acid rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov suab thaj thiab cov protein soluble hauv cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Panax notoginseng nyob rau hauv cadmium kev ntxhov siab [J].
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble hauv cov cag txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev siv txiv qaub thiab oxalic acid. Yog tsis muaj txiv qaub, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble hauv kev kho tshuaj tsuag nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid qis dua li hauv kev tswj hwm, los ntawm 16.20%. Thaum siv txiv qaub 750 kg hm-2, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble hauv cov cag ntawm Panax notoginseng tau pom. Ntawm tus nqi thov txiv qaub ntawm 2250 kg h m-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble hauv kev kho tshuaj tsuag oxalic acid ntawm 0.2 mol l-1 siab dua li hauv kev kho tshuaj tsuag tsis yog oxalic acid (35.11%). Thaum txiv qaub tau siv ntawm 3750 kg h m-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm oxalic acid tshuaj tsuag, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein soluble (269.84 µg g-1) qis tshaj plaws thaum kho ntawm 0.2 mol l-1. 1 txau nrog oxalic acid (Daim Duab 3).
Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov amino acids dawb hauv cov hauv paus ntawm Panax notoginseng thaum tsis muaj txiv qaub ntsuab. Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid thiab kev siv txiv qaub ntsuab ntawm 750 kg hm-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids dawb thawj zaug txo qis thiab tom qab ntawd nce ntxiv. Kev siv kev kho mob nrog 2250 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab thiab 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid ua rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids dawb ntau ntxiv los ntawm 33.58% piv rau tsis muaj kev kho mob nrog oxalic acid. Nrog rau kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid thiab kev qhia txog 3750 kg·hm-2 ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acid dawb txo qis. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids dawb hauv kev kho mob 0.2 mol L-1 oxalic acid yog qis dua 49.76% piv rau kev kho mob tsis muaj kev kho mob oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acid dawb yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thaum kho mob tsis muaj kev kho mob nrog oxalic acid thiab yog 2.09 mg / g. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids dawb (1.05 mg g-1) qis tshaj plaws thaum txau nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid (Daim Duab 4).
Cov nyhuv ntawm kev txau nplooj nrog oxalic acid rau ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acids dawb thiab proline hauv cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Panax notoginseng nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm cadmium kev ntxhov siab [J].
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm proline hauv cov hauv paus hniav txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev siv txiv qaub thiab oxalic acid. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus proline ntawm Panax notoginseng thaum tsis muaj txiv qaub. Nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid thiab kev siv txiv qaub ntawm 750, 2250 kg hm-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm proline thawj zaug txo qis thiab tom qab ntawd nce ntxiv. Cov ntsiab lus proline hauv kev kho tshuaj tsuag 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid siab dua li cov ntsiab lus proline hauv kev kho tshuaj tsuag 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, uas nce ntxiv 19.52% thiab 44.33%, raws li. Thaum siv 3750 kg · hm-2 ntawm txiv qaub, cov ntsiab lus ntawm proline txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm proline tom qab txau nrog 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid yog 54.68% qis dua li tsis muaj oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm proline yog qhov qis tshaj plaws thiab yog 11.37 μg/g thaum kho nrog 0.2 mol/l oxalic acid (Daim Duab 4).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov saponins hauv Panax notoginseng yog Rg1>Rb1>R1. Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm peb lub saponins nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag oxalic acid thiab tsis muaj txiv qaub (Rooj 4).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm R1 thaum txau 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid qis dua li qhov tsis muaj txau oxalic acid thiab siv txiv qaub 750 lossis 3750 kg·h·m-2. Nrog rau qhov concentration ntawm oxalic acid txau ntawm 0 lossis 0.1 mol l-1, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus R1 nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm tus nqi thov txiv qaub. Ntawm qhov concentration ntawm oxalic acid txau ntawm 0.2 mol l-1, cov ntsiab lus R1 ntawm 3750 kg hm-2 ntawm txiv qaub qis dua li ntawm 43.84% tsis muaj txiv qaub (Rooj 4).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rg1 thawj zaug nce thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid thiab txiv qaub daim ntawv thov ntawm 750 kg·h·m−2. Ntawm tus nqi thov txiv qaub ntawm 2250 lossis 3750 kg h m-2, cov ntsiab lus Rg1 txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm oxalic acid tsuag concentration. Ntawm tib qhov kev txau concentration ntawm oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rg1 thawj zaug nce thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm tus nqi thov txiv qaub. Piv rau kev tswj hwm, tshwj tsis yog peb qhov kev txau concentration ntawm oxalic acid thiab 750 kg h m-2, cov ntsiab lus Rg1 siab dua li kev tswj hwm, cov ntsiab lus Rg1 hauv cov hauv paus ntawm lwm yam kev kho mob qis dua li kev tswj hwm. Cov ntsiab lus Rg1 siab tshaj plaws thaum txau nrog 750 kg gm-2 txiv qaub thiab 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, uas yog 11.54% siab dua li kev tswj hwm (Rooj 4).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rb1 thawj zaug nce thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid thiab cov kua qaub ntsuab ntawm 2250 kg hm-2. Tom qab txau 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus Rb1 tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 3.46%, uas yog 74.75% siab dua li tsis txau oxalic acid. Nrog rau lwm cov kev kho mob txiv qaub ntsuab, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tsuag oxalic acid sib txawv. Thaum txau nrog 0.1 thiab 0.2 mol l-1 oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rb1 thawj zaug txo qis, thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov kua qaub ntsuab ntxiv (rooj 4).
Ntawm tib qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj oxalic acid uas tau txau, cov ntsiab lus ntawm flavonoids thawj zaug nce thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm cov txiv qaub. Tsis muaj txiv qaub lossis 3750 kg hm-2 txiv qaub txau nrog ntau yam concentration ntawm oxalic acid muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntsiab lus flavonoid. Thaum txiv qaub tau siv ntawm tus nqi ntawm 750 thiab 2250 kg h m-2, cov ntsiab lus ntawm flavonoids thawj zaug nce thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis nrog kev nce hauv qhov concentration ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid. Thaum kho nrog daim ntawv thov ntawm 750 kg hm-2 thiab txau nrog 0.1 mol l-1 oxalic acid, cov ntsiab lus ntawm flavonoids yog qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab muaj txog 4.38 mg g-1, uas yog 18.38% siab dua li txiv qaub ntawm tib qhov kev thov. yam tsis muaj kev txau nrog oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm flavonoids thaum lub sijhawm txau nrog oxalic acid 0.1 mol l-1 nce 21.74% piv rau kev kho mob yam tsis txau nrog oxalic acid thiab kev kho mob txiv qaub nrog 2250 kg hm-2 (Daim duab 5).
Cov nyhuv ntawm oxalate foliar txau rau ntawm cov flavonoid cov ntsiab lus hauv Panax notoginseng cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv cadmium kev ntxhov siab [J].
Kev tshuaj xyuas ob yam qhia tau hais tias cov suab thaj uas yaj tau ntawm Panax notoginseng muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov kua qaub uas siv thiab qhov concentration ntawm oxalic acid uas txau. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein uas yaj tau hauv cov qoob loo muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov nrawm ntawm kev siv cov kua qaub, ob qho tib si kua qaub thiab oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov amino acid dawb thiab proline hauv cov hauv paus muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov nrawm ntawm kev siv cov kua qaub, qhov concentration ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid, kua qaub thiab oxalic acid (Rooj 5).
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm R1 nyob rau hauv cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Panax notoginseng muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov concentration ntawm kev txau nrog oxalic acid, qhov ntau ntawm cov txiv qaub ntsuab, txiv qaub ntsuab thiab oxalic acid. Cov ntsiab lus flavonoid muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov concentration ntawm cov oxalic acid uas txau thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov txiv qaub ntsuab.
Muaj ntau yam kev hloov kho tau siv los txo cov nroj tsuag Cd los ntawm kev ua kom Cd tsis txav hauv av, xws li txiv qaub ntsuab thiab oxalic acid30. Txiv qaub ntsuab siv dav ua cov khoom siv av kom txo cov cadmium hauv cov qoob loo31. Liang et al.32 tau tshaj tawm tias oxalic acid kuj tseem siv tau los kho cov av uas muaj cov hlau hnyav. Tom qab siv ntau yam tshuaj oxalic acid rau cov av uas muaj cov hlau hnyav, cov organic hauv av nce ntxiv, lub peev xwm pauv cation txo qis, thiab tus nqi pH nce ntxiv 33. Oxalic acid kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov hlau ions hauv av. Hauv qab kev ntxhov siab Cd, cov ntsiab lus Cd hauv Panax notoginseng nce ntxiv ntau dua li kev tswj hwm. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum siv txiv qaub ntsuab, nws txo qis ntau. Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, thaum siv 750 kg hm-2 txiv qaub ntsuab, cov ntsiab lus Cd hauv cov hauv paus tau mus txog tus qauv hauv tebchaws (Cd txwv: Cd≤0.5 mg/kg, AQSIQ, GB/T 19086-200834), thiab qhov cuam tshuam thaum siv 2250 kg hm−2 ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws nrog txiv qaub ntsuab. Kev siv txiv qaub ntsuab tau tsim ntau qhov chaw sib tw ntawm Ca2+ thiab Cd2+ hauv av, thiab kev ntxiv oxalic acid tuaj yeem txo cov ntsiab lus Cd hauv cov hauv paus ntawm Panax notoginseng. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus Cd ntawm Panax notoginseng cov hauv paus tau txo qis los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm txiv qaub ntsuab thiab oxalic acid, mus txog tus qauv hauv tebchaws. Ca2+ hauv av raug nqus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov hauv paus thaum lub sijhawm ntws loj thiab tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm cov hlwb hauv paus los ntawm cov calcium channel (Ca2+-channels), calcium twj (Ca2+-AT-Pase) thiab Ca2+/H+ antiporters, thiab tom qab ntawd thauj mus rau hauv paus xylem 23. Cov Ntsiab Lus Hauv paus Ca muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis zoo nrog cov ntsiab lus Cd (P<0.05). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cd txo qis nrog kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Ca, uas yog sib xws nrog lub tswv yim txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Ca thiab Cd. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov sib txawv qhia tau hais tias qhov ntau ntawm cov txiv qaub cuam tshuam rau cov ntsiab lus Ca hauv cov hauv paus ntawm Panax notoginseng. Pongrac et al. 35 tau tshaj tawm tias Cd khi rau oxalate hauv calcium oxalate crystals thiab sib tw nrog Ca. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tswj hwm ntawm Ca los ntawm oxalate tsis tseem ceeb. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias qhov nag ntawm calcium oxalate tsim los ntawm oxalic acid thiab Ca2+ tsis yog nag yooj yim, thiab cov txheej txheem co-precipitation tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev metabolic.