Tsab xov xwm no yog ib feem ntawm lub ntsiab lus tshawb fawb "Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob, kev tiv thaiv tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov kab mob me me ntawm cov tsiaj noj". Saib tag nrho 13 tsab xov xwm
Cov kua qaub organic tseem niaj hnub xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom noj tsiaj. Txog niaj hnub no, qhov kev tsom mus rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov zaub mov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov zaub mov hauv cov nqaij qaib thiab lwm yam tsiaj. Muaj ntau cov kua qaub organic tam sim no tab tom kawm lossis twb tau siv rau kev lag luam lawm. Ntawm ntau cov kua qaub organic uas tau kawm ntau yam, formic acid yog ib qho ntawm lawv. Formic acid raug ntxiv rau cov zaub mov nqaij qaib kom txwv tsis pub muaj Salmonella thiab lwm yam kab mob hauv cov zaub mov thiab hauv txoj hnyuv tom qab noj. Thaum kev nkag siab txog qhov ua tau zoo thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm formic acid rau tus tswv tsev thiab cov kab mob hauv cov zaub mov loj hlob, nws tau pom tseeb tias qhov muaj formic acid tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kab mob tshwj xeeb hauv Salmonella. Cov lus teb no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyuaj dua thaum formic acid nkag mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv thiab cuam tshuam tsis yog nrog Salmonella uas twb nyob hauv txoj hnyuv xwb tab sis kuj nrog cov kab mob hauv plab. Kev tshuaj xyuas yuav tshuaj xyuas cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no thiab kev cia siab rau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txog microbiome ntawm cov nqaij qaib thiab cov zaub mov kho nrog formic acid.
Hauv kev tsim tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib, qhov kev sib tw yog los tsim cov tswv yim tswj hwm uas ua kom zoo tshaj plaws kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim khoom thaum txwv kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb zaub mov. Keeb kwm, kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj kho mob tau txhim kho kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tsiaj txhu, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev tsim khoom (1-3). Los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nws tau raug pom zoo tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas tau muab rau ntawm cov tshuaj subinhibitory concentrations mediate host responses los ntawm modulating gastrointestinal flora thiab, ua rau, lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam nrog tus tswv tsev (3). Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhawj xeeb txog kev kis tus kab mob uas tiv taus tshuaj tua kab mob thiab lawv qhov kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kab mob uas tiv taus tshuaj tua kab mob hauv tib neeg tau ua rau maj mam tshem tawm kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov tsiaj txhu (4-8). Yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov khoom noj ntxiv thiab cov khoom txhim kho uas ua tau raws li tsawg kawg yog qee qhov kev xav tau no (kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tsiaj txhu, kev noj qab haus huv, thiab kev tsim khoom) yog qhov txaus siab heev los ntawm kev tshawb fawb kev kawm thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam (5, 9). Ntau yam khoom noj ntxiv rau kev lag luam tau nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam tsiaj txhu, suav nrog probiotics, prebiotics, roj tseem ceeb thiab cov tshuaj sib xyaw los ntawm ntau qhov chaw cog qoob loo, thiab cov tshuaj xws li aldehydes (10-14). Lwm cov khoom noj khoom haus uas siv rau hauv cov nqaij qaib suav nrog bacteriophages, zinc oxide, cov enzymes exogenous, cov khoom sib tw, thiab cov tshuaj acidic (15, 16).
Ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg pub zaub mov uas twb muaj lawm, aldehydes thiab cov organic acids tau keeb kwm yog cov tshuaj uas tau kawm thiab siv ntau tshaj plaws (12, 17–21). Cov organic acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov roj fatty acids luv luv (SCFAs), yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob uas paub zoo. Cov organic acids no yog siv los ua cov khoom noj pub tsis yog tsuas yog txwv tsis pub muaj cov kab mob hauv cov khoom noj xwb tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov teebmeem rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub plab zom mov (17, 20–24). Tsis tas li ntawd, SCFAs yog tsim los ntawm kev fermentation los ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv thiab xav tias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub peev xwm ntawm qee cov probiotics thiab prebiotics los tawm tsam cov kab mob uas noj hauv txoj hnyuv (21, 23, 25).
Tau ntau xyoo los lawm, ntau yam roj fatty acid luv luv (SCFAs) tau nyiam ntau yam kev saib xyuas ua cov khoom noj ntxiv rau tsiaj txhu. Tshwj xeeb, propionate, butyrate, thiab formate tau yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv lag luam (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Thaum cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov tau tsom mus rau kev tswj cov kab mob hauv cov zaub mov hauv tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib, cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau hloov lawv qhov kev tsom mus rau kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm tsiaj txhu thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txoj hnyuv (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, thiab butyrate tau nyiam ntau yam kev saib xyuas ua cov khoom noj organic acid, ntawm cov uas formic acid kuj yog tus neeg sib tw zoo (21, 23). Ntau yam kev saib xyuas tau tsom mus rau cov yam ntxwv kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm formic acid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev txo qis ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov zaub mov hauv tsiaj txhu. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm yam kev siv tau kuj tau raug txiav txim siab. Lub hom phiaj tag nrho ntawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog los tshuaj xyuas keeb kwm thiab qhov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm formic acid ua cov khoom noj txhim kho tsiaj txhu (Daim Duab 1). Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, peb yuav tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem tua kab mob ntawm formic acid. Ntxiv rau qhov ntawd, peb yuav los saib ze dua txog nws cov teebmeem rau tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib thiab tham txog cov hau kev ua tau los txhim kho nws txoj kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Daim Duab 1. Daim duab qhia txog cov ncauj lus uas tau hais hauv tsab xov xwm no. Tshwj xeeb, cov hom phiaj dav dav hauv qab no tau tsom mus rau: piav qhia txog keeb kwm thiab qhov xwm txheej tam sim no ntawm formic acid ua cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo rau tsiaj txhu, cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm formic acid thiab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm nws siv rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib, thiab cov hau kev los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo.
Kev tsim cov khoom noj rau cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nqaij qaib yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm nyuaj uas muaj ntau kauj ruam, suav nrog kev ua cov nplej (piv txwv li, milling kom txo qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me), kev ua cov khoom siv cua sov rau pelleting, thiab ntxiv ntau yam khoom noj khoom haus rau hauv cov zaub mov nyob ntawm qhov xav tau kev noj haus tshwj xeeb ntawm tus tsiaj (27). Vim tias qhov nyuaj no, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias kev ua cov khoom noj ua rau cov nplej raug ntau yam ib puag ncig ua ntej nws mus txog lub tshuab pub, thaum lub sijhawm milling, thiab tom qab ntawd thaum lub sijhawm thauj mus los thiab pub mis rau hauv cov khoom noj sib xyaw (9, 21, 28). Yog li, ntau xyoo dhau los, ntau pawg ntawm cov kab mob me me tau pom hauv cov khoom noj, suav nrog tsis yog cov kab mob xwb tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov kab mob bacteriophages, fungi, thiab yeasts (9, 21, 28–31). Qee qhov ntawm cov kuab paug no, xws li qee cov fungi, tuaj yeem tsim cov mycotoxins uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev noj qab haus huv rau cov tsiaj (32–35).
Cov kab mob bacterial muaj peev xwm sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm qee qhov ntawm cov txheej txheem siv rau kev cais thiab txheeb xyuas cov kab mob me me nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv. Piv txwv li, cov qauv microbial yuav txawv ua ntej kev kho cua sov uas cuam tshuam nrog pelleting (36). Txawm hais tias cov kab lis kev cai thiab cov phaj plating tau muab qee cov ntaub ntawv, daim ntawv thov tsis ntev los no ntawm 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) txoj kev tau muab kev ntsuam xyuas ntau dua ntawm cov zej zog forage microbiome (9). Thaum Solanki et al. (37) tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob microbiome ntawm cov nplej khaws cia rau ib lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm phosphine, ib qho tshuaj tua kab, lawv pom tias microbiome muaj ntau haiv neeg tom qab sau thiab tom qab 3 lub hlis ntawm kev khaws cia. Ntxiv mus, Solanki et al. (37) (37) tau qhia tias Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, thiab Planctomyces yog cov phyla tseem ceeb hauv cov nplej, Bacillus, Erwinia, thiab Pseudomonas yog cov genera tseem ceeb, thiab Enterobacteriaceae yog ib feem me me. Raws li kev sib piv taxonomic, lawv xaus lus tias phosphine fumigation hloov pauv cov kab mob bacterial tab sis tsis cuam tshuam rau ntau yam fungal.
Solanki et al. (37) tau qhia tias cov khoom noj kuj tuaj yeem muaj cov kab mob uas kis tau los ntawm zaub mov uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem raws li kev kuaj pom Enterobacteriaceae hauv microbiome. Cov kab mob uas kis tau los ntawm zaub mov xws li Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157: H7, thiab Listeria monocytogenes tau cuam tshuam nrog cov tsiaj txhu thiab silage (9, 31, 38). Qhov kev nyob ntev ntawm lwm cov kab mob uas kis tau los ntawm zaub mov hauv tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib tsis paub tam sim no. Ge et al. (39) tau tshuaj xyuas ntau dua 200 cov khoom xyaw pub tsiaj txhu thiab cais Salmonella, E. coli, thiab Enterococci, tab sis tsis tau kuaj pom E. coli O157: H7 lossis Campylobacter. Txawm li cas los xij, cov matrices xws li cov zaub mov qhuav tuaj yeem ua qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob E. coli. Thaum nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm xyoo 2016 qhov kev sib kis ntawm Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O121 thiab O26 uas cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg kab mob, Crowe et al. (40) siv tag nrho-genome sequencing los sib piv cov chaw kho mob nrog cov chaw tau los ntawm cov khoom noj. Raws li qhov kev sib piv no, lawv xaus lus tias qhov chaw yuav yog cov hmoov nplej nyoos uas tsis muaj dej noo los ntawm cov hmoov nplej. Cov dej noo qis ntawm cov hmoov nplej qhia tias STEC kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv cov tsiaj pub tsiaj uas tsis muaj dej noo. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Crowe et al. (40) sau tseg, kev rho tawm STEC los ntawm cov qauv hmoov nplej yog qhov nyuaj thiab xav tau cov txheej txheem sib cais immunomagnetic kom rov qab tau cov lej txaus ntawm cov kab mob hlwb. Cov txheej txheem kuaj mob zoo sib xws kuj tseem yuav ua rau muaj kev nyuaj rau kev nrhiav thiab kev rho tawm cov kab mob tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv cov tsiaj pub tsiaj. Qhov nyuaj hauv kev nrhiav kuj tseem yuav yog vim muaj kev nyob ntev ntawm cov kab mob no hauv cov matrices uas tsis muaj dej noo. Forghani et al. (41) tau qhia tias hmoov nplej khaws cia rau hauv chav sov thiab txhaj tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, thiab O145 thiab Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, thiab S. Anatum) tau ntsuas tau ntawm 84 thiab 112 hnub thiab tseem pom tau ntawm 24 thiab 52 lub lis piam.
Keeb kwm, Campylobacter yeej tsis tau raug cais tawm ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov nqaij qaib pub los ntawm cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai ib txwm muaj (38, 39), txawm hais tias Campylobacter tuaj yeem cais tawm ntawm txoj hnyuv ntawm cov nqaij qaib thiab cov khoom nqaij qaib (42, 43). Txawm li cas los xij, pub tseem muaj nws qhov zoo li qhov chaw muaj peev xwm. Piv txwv li, Alves et al. (44) tau qhia tias kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov nqaij qaib rog nrog C. jejuni thiab tom qab ntawd khaws cia ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm ob qhov kub sib txawv rau 3 lossis 5 hnub ua rau rov qab tau C. jejuni muaj sia nyob thiab, qee zaum, txawm tias lawv loj hlob. Lawv xaus lus tias C. jejuni yeej tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv cov zaub mov nqaij qaib thiab, yog li ntawd, tej zaum yuav yog qhov chaw muaj peev xwm kis kab mob rau cov qaib.
Kev kis tus kab mob Salmonella ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov nqaij qaib tau txais kev saib xyuas ntau yav dhau los thiab tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv zog los tsim cov txheej txheem kuaj pom tshwj xeeb uas siv tau rau cov khoom noj thiab nrhiav kev tswj hwm zoo dua (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Tau ntau xyoo, ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshuaj xyuas qhov kev rho tawm thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm Salmonella hauv ntau lub tsev pub tsiaj thiab cov chaw pub tsiaj (38, 39, 54–61). Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau tias Salmonella tuaj yeem cais tawm ntawm ntau yam khoom xyaw pub tsiaj, cov khoom noj, hom pub tsiaj, thiab kev tsim khoom noj. Cov nqi kis tau thiab cov kab mob Salmonella serotypes tseem ceeb kuj sib txawv. Piv txwv li, Li et al. (57) tau lees paub qhov muaj Salmonella spp. Nws tau kuaj pom hauv 12.5% ​​ntawm 2058 cov qauv sau los ntawm cov khoom noj tsiaj tiav, cov khoom xyaw pub tsiaj, cov khoom noj tsiaj, khoom noj tsiaj, thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv tsiaj thaum lub sijhawm sau cov ntaub ntawv xyoo 2002 txog 2009. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov kab mob serotypes feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv 12.5% ​​ntawm cov qauv Salmonella uas kuaj pom tias muaj kab mob yog S. Senftenberg thiab S. Montevideo (57). Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog cov khoom noj uas npaj txhij noj thiab cov khoom noj tsiaj hauv Texas, Hsieh et al. (58) tau tshaj tawm tias qhov muaj kab mob Salmonella ntau tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntses hmoov, ua raws li cov protein tsiaj, nrog S. Mbanka thiab S. Montevideo ua cov kab mob serotypes feem ntau. Cov chaw pub tsiaj kuj muaj ntau qhov chaw uas muaj kab mob thaum sib tov thiab ntxiv cov khoom xyaw (9, 56, 61). Magossi et al. (61) tau ua pov thawj tias ntau qhov chaw uas muaj kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom noj hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Qhov tseeb, Magossi et al. (61) pom tsawg kawg ib qho kab mob Salmonella zoo hauv 11 lub chaw pub tsiaj (12 qhov chaw kuaj tag nrho) hauv yim lub xeev hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Vim muaj peev xwm kis tau tus kab mob Salmonella thaum lub sijhawm tuav zaub mov, thauj khoom, thiab pub zaub mov txhua hnub, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias muaj kev siv zog ntau los tsim cov khoom noj uas tuaj yeem txo thiab tswj cov kab mob me me kom tsawg thoob plaws hauv lub voj voog tsim tsiaj.
Tsis paub ntau txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lus teb tshwj xeeb ntawm Salmonella rau formic acid. Txawm li cas los xij, Huang et al. (62) tau qhia tias formic acid muaj nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me me ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab tias Salmonella spp. muaj peev xwm tsim cov formic acid. Huang et al. (62) siv ntau cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los ntes cov kev qhia tawm ntawm Salmonella virulence genes thiab pom tias formate tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua lub teeb liab diffusible los ua rau Salmonella nkag mus rau Hep-2 epithelial cell. Tsis ntev los no, Liu et al. (63) tau rho tawm tus neeg thauj khoom formate, FocA, los ntawm Salmonella typhimurium uas ua haujlwm ua ib txoj kab channel tshwj xeeb ntawm pH 7.0 tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua txoj kab xa tawm passive ntawm pH sab nraud siab lossis ua txoj kab channel thib ob / hydrogen ion import ntawm pH qis. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau ua tiav rau tsuas yog ib qho serotype ntawm S. Typhimurium. Lo lus nug tseem nyob seb txhua tus serotypes teb rau formic acid los ntawm cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws. Qhov no tseem yog lo lus nug tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas yuav tsum tau hais txog hauv kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej. Txawm hais tias cov txiaj ntsig zoo li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum siv ntau hom kab mob Salmonella lossis txawm tias ntau hom kab mob ntawm txhua hom kab mob hauv kev sim tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thaum tsim cov lus pom zoo dav dav rau kev siv cov tshuaj acid kom txo cov kab mob Salmonella hauv cov zaub mov. Cov txheej txheem tshiab, xws li kev siv cov lej cim caj ces los sau cov kab mob kom paub qhov txawv ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm tib hom kab mob (9, 64), muab lub sijhawm los paub qhov txawv me me uas yuav cuam tshuam rau cov lus xaus thiab kev txhais lus ntawm qhov txawv.
Qhov xwm txheej tshuaj lom neeg thiab daim ntawv sib cais ntawm formate kuj tseem ceeb. Hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb, Beyer et al. (65–67) tau qhia tias kev txwv ntawm Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, thiab Campylobacter coli tau sib raug zoo nrog qhov ntau ntawm cov kua qaub formic uas tau sib cais thiab tsis yog nyob ntawm pH lossis cov kua qaub formic uas tsis tau sib cais. Daim ntawv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm formate uas cov kab mob raug kuj zoo li tseem ceeb. Kovanda et al. (68) tau tshuaj xyuas ntau yam kab mob Gram-negative thiab Gram-positive thiab piv rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus inhibitory concentration (MICs) ntawm sodium formate (500–25,000 mg / L) thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm sodium formate thiab free formate (40/60 m / v; 10–10,000 mg / L). Raws li cov nqi MIC, lawv pom tias sodium formate tsuas yog inhibitory tawm tsam Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, thiab Streptococcus pneumoniae, tab sis tsis tawm tsam Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, lossis Enterococcus faecalis. Qhov sib piv, qhov sib xyaw ntawm sodium formate thiab dawb sodium formate yog inhibitory tawm tsam txhua yam kab mob, ua rau cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus tias dawb formic acid muaj feem ntau ntawm cov khoom antimicrobial. Nws yuav nthuav kom tshuaj xyuas cov piv sib txawv ntawm ob daim ntawv tshuaj lom neeg no los txiav txim siab seb qhov ntau ntawm MIC tus nqi sib raug zoo nrog qib ntawm formic acid uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov mis sib xyaw thiab cov lus teb rau 100% formic acid.
Gomez-Garcia et al. (69) tau sim ua ke cov roj tseem ceeb thiab cov organic acids (xws li formic acid) tawm tsam ntau hom Escherichia coli, Salmonella, thiab Clostridium perfringens tau los ntawm npua. Lawv tau sim qhov ua tau zoo ntawm rau hom organic acids, suav nrog formic acid, thiab rau hom roj tseem ceeb tawm tsam cov npua cais tawm, siv formaldehyde ua qhov kev tswj hwm zoo. Gomez-García et al. (69) tau txiav txim siab MIC50, MBC50, thiab MIC50/MBC50 ntawm formic acid tawm tsam Escherichia coli (600 thiab 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 thiab 2400 ppm, 4), thiab Clostridium perfringens (1200 thiab 2400 ppm, 2), ntawm cov uas formic acid tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li txhua hom organic acids tawm tsam E. coli thiab Salmonella. (69) Formic acid muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Escherichia coli thiab Salmonella vim nws cov molecular me me thiab cov saw ntev (70).
Beyer et al. tau tshuaj xyuas cov kab mob Campylobacter cais tawm ntawm npua (66) thiab cov kab mob Campylobacter jejuni cais tawm ntawm nqaij qaib (67) thiab qhia tau tias formic acid dissociates ntawm cov concentrations sib xws nrog MIC teb ntsuas rau lwm cov organic acids. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib piv ntawm cov acids no, suav nrog formic acid, tau raug nug vim Campylobacter tuaj yeem siv cov acids no ua cov substrates (66, 67). Kev siv cov kua qaub ntawm C. jejuni tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob vim nws tau pom tias muaj cov metabolism nonglycolytic. Yog li, C. jejuni muaj peev xwm txwv rau carbohydrate catabolism thiab vam khom gluconeogenesis los ntawm amino acids thiab organic acids rau feem ntau ntawm nws cov zog metabolism thiab biosynthetic kev ua ub no (71, 72). Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov los ntawm Line et al. (73) siv cov phenotypic array uas muaj 190 carbon qhov chaw thiab qhia tau tias C. jejuni 11168 (GS) tuaj yeem siv cov organic acids ua cov pa roj carbon, feem ntau yog cov intermediates ntawm tricarboxylic acid cycle. Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los ntawm Wagli et al. (74) siv cov phenotypic carbon utilization array qhia tau hais tias cov kab mob C. jejuni thiab E. coli uas tau kuaj xyuas hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm loj hlob ntawm cov organic acids ua qhov chaw carbon. Formate yog tus pub electron tseem ceeb rau C. jejuni respiratory energy metabolism thiab, yog li ntawd, qhov chaw zog tseem ceeb rau C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni muaj peev xwm siv formate ua tus pub hydrogen ntawm lub membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex uas oxidizes formate rau carbon dioxide, protons, thiab electrons thiab ua haujlwm ua tus pub electron rau kev ua pa (72).
Cov kua qaub Formic muaj keeb kwm ntev ntawm kev siv ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, tab sis qee cov kab kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov kua qaub formic rau kev siv ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Rossini et al. (76) tau hais tias cov kua qaub formic tej zaum yuav yog ib feem ntawm cov kua qaub ntawm cov ntsaum uas Ray (77) piav qhia yuav luag 350 xyoo dhau los. Txij thaum ntawd los, peb txoj kev nkag siab txog kev tsim cov kua qaub formic hauv cov ntsaum thiab lwm yam kab tau nce ntxiv ntau, thiab tam sim no paub tias cov txheej txheem no yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov kab (78). Ntau pawg kab, suav nrog cov muv stingless, cov ntsaum taw tes (Hymenoptera: Apidae), cov kab hauv av (Galerita lecontei thiab G. janus), cov ntsaum stingless (Formicinae), thiab qee cov kab npauj npaim (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), paub tias tsim cov kua qaub formic ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (76, 78–82).
Tej zaum cov ntsaum yog cov uas muaj tus cwj pwm zoo tshaj plaws vim lawv muaj cov acidocytes, qhov qhib tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau lawv tsuag cov tshuaj lom uas muaj cov tshuaj formic acid (82). Cov ntsaum siv serine ua cov tshuaj ua ntej thiab khaws cia ntau cov formate hauv lawv cov qog tshuaj lom, uas tau rwb thaiv tsev txaus los tiv thaiv cov ntsaum ntawm cov cytotoxicity ntawm formate kom txog thaum nws raug tsuag (78, 83). Cov tshuaj formic acid uas lawv tso tawm yuav (1) ua haujlwm ua lub tswb ceeb toom kom nyiam lwm cov ntsaum; (2) ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tawm tsam cov neeg sib tw thiab cov tsiaj nyeg; thiab (3) ua haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev antifungal thiab antibacterial thaum ua ke nrog cov resin ua ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv zes (78, 82, 84–88). Cov tshuaj formic acid uas cov ntsaum tsim tawm muaj cov khoom antimicrobial, qhia tias nws tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom siv ntxiv rau sab nraud. Qhov no tau ua pov thawj los ntawm Bruch et al. (88), uas tau ntxiv cov tshuaj formic acid tsim rau cov resin thiab txhim kho cov haujlwm antifungal zoo heev. Cov pov thawj ntxiv txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm formic acid thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub cev yog tias cov kab noj ntsaum loj, uas tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov kua qaub hauv plab, noj cov ntsaum uas muaj formic acid los muab cov kua qaub concentrated rau lawv tus kheej ua lwm txoj hauv kev los hloov cov kua qaub hauv plab (89).
Kev siv cov tshuaj formic acid hauv kev ua liaj ua teb tau raug txiav txim siab thiab kawm tau ntau xyoo. Tshwj xeeb, formic acid tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom ntxiv rau cov tsiaj pub thiab silage. Sodium formate hauv ob qho tib si khov thiab kua yog suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau txhua hom tsiaj, cov neeg siv khoom thiab ib puag ncig (90). Raws li lawv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas (90), qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 10,000 mg formic acid sib npaug / kg pub tau suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau txhua hom tsiaj, thaum qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 12,000 mg formic acid sib npaug / kg pub tau suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau npua. Kev siv cov tshuaj formic acid ua cov khoom noj tsiaj tau raug kawm tau ntau xyoo. Nws tau suav tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv silage thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov tsiaj thiab nqaij qaib pub.
Cov tshuaj ntxiv xws li cov kua qaub yeej ib txwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov silage thiab kev tswj cov khoom noj (91, 92). Borreani et al. (91) tau sau tseg tias kom ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov silage zoo nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tswj cov zaub mov zoo thaum khaws cia ntau cov khoom qhuav li sai tau. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua kom zoo li no yog qhov txo qis ntawm kev poob ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem ensiling: los ntawm thawj qhov xwm txheej aerobic hauv silo mus rau tom qab fermentation, khaws cia thiab rov qhib ntawm silo rau kev pub mis. Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb rau kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev tsim cov silage hauv teb thiab tom qab ntawd silage fermentation tau tham txog hauv qhov ntxaws ntxiv rau lwm qhov (91, 93-95) thiab yuav tsis tham txog hauv qhov ntxaws ntxiv ntawm no. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog oxidative deterioration los ntawm cov poov xab thiab pwm thaum oxygen muaj nyob rau hauv silage (91, 92). Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv tau raug qhia los tiv thaiv cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj (91, 92). Lwm yam kev xav txog cov khoom siv silage suav nrog kev txwv kev kis tus kab mob uas yuav muaj nyob rau hauv silage (piv txwv li, pathogenic E. coli, Listeria, thiab Salmonella) nrog rau cov kab mob mycotoxin (96–98).
Mack et al. (92) tau faib cov tshuaj ntxiv acidic ua ob pawg. Cov kua qaub xws li propionic, acetic, sorbic, thiab benzoic acids tswj tau qhov ruaj khov ntawm silage thaum pub rau cov tsiaj ruminants los ntawm kev txwv kev loj hlob ntawm cov poov xab thiab pwm (92). Mack et al. (92) tau cais formic acid ntawm lwm cov kua qaub thiab suav tias nws yog ib qho acidifier ncaj qha uas inhibits clostridia thiab spoilage microorganisms thaum tswj hwm kev ncaj ncees ntawm silage protein. Hauv kev xyaum, lawv cov ntsev yog cov tshuaj feem ntau kom tsis txhob muaj cov khoom corrosive ntawm cov kua qaub hauv daim ntawv tsis ntsev (91). Ntau pawg tshawb fawb kuj tau kawm txog formic acid ua cov tshuaj ntxiv acidic rau silage. Formic acid paub txog nws cov peev xwm acidifying sai thiab nws cov nyhuv inhibitory rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob silage uas ua rau cov protein thiab cov dej-soluble carbohydrate cov ntsiab lus ntawm silage (99). Yog li ntawd, He et al. (92) piv formic acid nrog cov tshuaj ntxiv acidic hauv silage. (100) tau qhia tias formic acid tuaj yeem inhibit Escherichia coli thiab txo qis pH ntawm silage. Cov kab mob bacterial tsim cov formic thiab lactic acid kuj tau ntxiv rau hauv silage los txhawb kev ua acidification thiab cov organic acid ntau lawm (101). Qhov tseeb, Cooley et al. (101) pom tias thaum silage raug acidified nrog 3% (w/v) formic acid, kev tsim cov lactic thiab formic acids ntau tshaj 800 thiab 1000 mg organic acid/100 g qauv, raws li. Mack et al. (92) tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntxiv silage kom ntxaws, suav nrog kev tshawb fawb luam tawm txij li xyoo 2000 uas tsom mus rau thiab / lossis suav nrog formic acid thiab lwm yam acids. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yuav tsis tham txog kev tshawb fawb ib leeg kom ntxaws tab sis yuav tsuas yog sau qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm formic acid ua cov tshuaj silage additive. Ob qho tib si unbuffered thiab buffered formic acid tau raug kawm thiab feem ntau Clostridium spp. Nws cov haujlwm sib raug zoo (carbohydrate, protein, thiab lactate uptake thiab butyrate excretion) feem ntau txo qis, thaum ammonia thiab butyrate ntau lawm txo qis thiab cov khoom qhuav khaws cia nce ntxiv (92). Muaj cov kev txwv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm formic acid, tab sis nws siv ua cov khoom siv silage ua ke nrog lwm cov kua qaub zoo li kov yeej qee qhov teeb meem no (92).
Cov kua qaub Formic tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob pathogenic uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Piv txwv li, Pauly thiab Tam (102) tau txhaj tshuaj rau hauv cov silos me me hauv chav kuaj mob nrog L. monocytogenes uas muaj peb qib sib txawv ntawm cov khoom qhuav (200, 430, thiab 540 g / kg) ntawm ryegrass thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv nrog formic acid (3 ml / kg) lossis cov kab mob lactic acid (8 × 105 / g) thiab cellulolytic enzymes. Lawv tau tshaj tawm tias ob qho kev kho mob txo qis L. monocytogenes mus rau qib tsis pom hauv cov khoom qhuav qis (200 g / kg). Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov khoom qhuav nruab nrab (430 g / kg), L. monocytogenes tseem pom tau tom qab 30 hnub hauv cov khoom kho formic acid. Kev txo qis hauv L. monocytogenes zoo li cuam tshuam nrog pH qis dua, lactic acid, thiab cov kua qaub sib xyaw ua ke. Piv txwv li, Pauly thiab Tam (102) tau sau tseg tias cov kua qaub lactic thiab cov kua qaub sib xyaw ua ke tseem ceeb heev, uas tej zaum yog vim li cas tsis muaj kev txo qis hauv L. monocytogenes tau pom hauv cov xov xwm kho los ntawm cov kua qaub los ntawm cov silages uas muaj cov khoom qhuav ntau dua. Cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws yuav tsum tau ua yav tom ntej rau lwm cov kab mob silage xws li Salmonella thiab pathogenic E. coli. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntau dua 16S rDNA ntawm tag nrho cov zej zog silage microbial kuj tseem yuav pab txheeb xyuas cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov pej xeem silage microbial uas tshwm sim ntawm ntau theem ntawm silage fermentation nyob rau hauv qhov muaj formic acid (103). Kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv microbiome yuav muab kev txhawb nqa analytical los kwv yees zoo dua qhov kev nce qib ntawm silage fermentation thiab los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws kom tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm silage.
Hauv cov tsiaj pub uas muaj noob, formic acid yog siv los ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob kom txo cov kab mob hauv ntau yam khoom noj uas muaj noob thiab cov khoom xyaw xws li cov khoom siv los ntawm tsiaj. Cov teebmeem rau cov kab mob hauv cov nqaij qaib thiab lwm yam tsiaj tuaj yeem faib ua ob pawg: cov teebmeem ncaj qha rau cov kab mob ntawm cov tsiaj noj thiab cov teebmeem tsis ncaj qha rau cov kab mob uas nyob hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm cov tsiaj tom qab noj cov khoom noj uas tau kho (20, 21, 104). Nws yog qhov tseeb tias ob pawg no muaj feem cuam tshuam, vim tias kev txo cov kab mob hauv cov khoom noj yuav tsum ua rau kev txo cov kab mob thaum cov tsiaj noj cov khoom noj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom tua kab mob ntawm cov kua qaub tshwj xeeb ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom noj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam, xws li cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov khoom noj thiab daim ntawv uas cov kua qaub ntxiv (21, 105).
Keeb kwm, kev siv cov kua qaub formic thiab lwm cov kua qaub cuam tshuam tau tsom mus rau kev tswj hwm ncaj qha ntawm Salmonella hauv tsiaj txhu thiab nqaij qaib pub (21). Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau raug sau ua ke hauv ntau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas luam tawm ntawm ntau lub sijhawm sib txawv (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), yog li tsuas yog qee qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no tau tham txog hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kua qaub formic hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev raug rau cov kua qaub formic, cov dej noo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, thiab cov kab mob hauv cov khoom noj thiab cov tsiaj txoj hnyuv (19, 21, 107–109). Hom khoom noj khoom haus matrix thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom xyaw pub tsiaj kuj yog cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam. Yog li, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias cov tshuaj lom Salmonella Cov kab mob sib cais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam tsiaj yuav txawv ntawm cov uas cais los ntawm cov khoom lag luam cog (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv ntawm kev teb rau cov kua qaub xws li formic acid tej zaum yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ciaj sia ntawm serovar hauv cov zaub mov thiab qhov kub uas cov zaub mov raug ua tiav (19, 113, 114). Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev teb serovar rau kev kho acid kuj tseem yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev kis tus kab mob ntawm cov nqaij qaib nrog cov zaub mov uas muaj kab mob (113, 115), thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev qhia tawm ntawm cov noob caj noob ces (116) kuj tseem yuav ua lub luag haujlwm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kam rau cov kua qaub yuav cuam tshuam rau kev kuaj pom Salmonella hauv cov kab lis kev cai yog tias cov kua qaub uas yug los ntawm cov zaub mov tsis tau buffered txaus (21, 105, 117–122). Lub cev ntawm cov zaub mov (hauv qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me) kuj tseem yuav cuam tshuam rau qhov muaj formic acid hauv txoj hnyuv plab (123).
Cov tswv yim los ua kom zoo tshaj plaws cov tshuaj formic acid ntxiv rau hauv pub tsiaj kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov kua qaub ntau dua tau raug pom zoo rau cov khoom xyaw pub tsiaj uas muaj kuab paug ntau ua ntej sib tov pub tsiaj kom txo qhov kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv pub tsiaj thiab teeb meem nrog kev noj zaub mov tsiaj (105). Jones (51) xaus lus tias Salmonella uas muaj nyob hauv pub tsiaj ua ntej kev ntxuav tshuaj lom neeg nyuaj rau tswj dua li Salmonella thaum sib cuag nrog pub tsiaj tom qab kev kho tshuaj lom neeg. Kev kho cua sov ntawm pub tsiaj thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav ntawm lub tshuab pub tsiaj tau raug pom zoo ua kev cuam tshuam los txwv Salmonella kev ua qias tuaj ntawm pub tsiaj, tab sis qhov no nyob ntawm cov khoom noj tsiaj, qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom me me, thiab lwm yam cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem milling (51). Cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm cov kua qaub kuj nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab qhov kub siab hauv qhov muaj cov kua qaub organic yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam synergistic inhibitory rau Salmonella, raws li pom hauv cov kua qaub ntawm Salmonella (124, 125). Ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov pub tsiaj uas muaj kuab paug Salmonella txhawb nqa lub tswv yim tias qhov kub siab ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kua qaub hauv cov khoom noj tsiaj (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) siv ib qho kev tsim qauv sib xyaw ua ke los kawm txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab kua qaub (formic lossis lactic acid) hauv 10 hom kab mob Salmonella enterica thiab Escherichia coli cais tawm ntawm ntau yam pub nyuj thiab txhaj tshuaj rau hauv cov pellets nyuj uas muaj kua qaub. Lawv xaus lus tias qhov kub yog qhov tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev txo cov kab mob me me, nrog rau kua qaub thiab hom kab mob cais tawm. Cov nyhuv synergistic nrog kua qaub tseem muaj ntau, yog li qhov kub qis dua thiab cov kua qaub concentration tuaj yeem siv tau. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj tau sau tseg tias cov nyhuv synergistic tsis tau pom ib txwm thaum siv formic acid, ua rau lawv xav tias qhov volatilization ntawm formic acid ntawm qhov kub siab dua lossis cov teebmeem buffering ntawm cov khoom noj matrix yog ib qho tseem ceeb.
Kev txwv lub sijhawm khaws cia ntawm cov khoom noj ua ntej pub rau tsiaj yog ib txoj hauv kev los tswj kev nkag mus rau hauv cov kab mob hauv zaub mov rau hauv tus tsiaj lub cev thaum lub sijhawm pub mis. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov kua qaub hauv cov khoom noj tau nkag mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv plab, nws tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv ua nws cov haujlwm tua kab mob. Cov haujlwm tua kab mob ntawm cov tshuaj acidic uas tau muab tso rau sab nraud hauv txoj hnyuv plab yuav nyob ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog qhov concentration ntawm cov kua qaub hauv plab, qhov chaw nquag ntawm txoj hnyuv plab, pH thiab cov pa oxygen ntawm txoj hnyuv plab, hnub nyoog ntawm tus tsiaj, thiab cov qauv sib piv ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab (uas nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm txoj hnyuv plab thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus tsiaj) (21, 24, 128–132). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg nyob hauv cov kab mob anaerobic hauv txoj hnyuv plab (uas dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv txoj hnyuv plab qis ntawm cov tsiaj monogastric thaum lawv loj hlob) ua cov organic acids los ntawm kev fermentation, uas ua rau kuj tseem muaj cov teebmeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob transient nkag mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv plab (17, 19–21).
Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb thaum ntxov tau tsom mus rau kev siv cov organic acids, suav nrog formate, los txwv Salmonella hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm cov nqaij qaib, uas tau tham txog ntau yam hauv ntau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas (12, 20, 21). Thaum cov kev tshawb fawb no raug txiav txim siab ua ke, ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua tau. McHan thiab Shotts (133) tau tshaj tawm tias kev pub formic thiab propionic acid txo cov theem ntawm Salmonella Typhimurium hauv cecum ntawm cov qaib uas tau txhaj tshuaj nrog cov kab mob thiab ntsuas lawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog 7, 14, thiab 21 hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Hume et al. (128) tau saib xyuas C-14-labeled propionate, lawv tau xaus lus tias propionate me ntsis hauv kev noj haus yuav ncav cuag cecum. Nws tseem yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab seb qhov no puas yog qhov tseeb rau formic acid. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no Bourassa et al. (134) tau tshaj tawm tias kev pub formic thiab propionic acid txo cov theem ntawm Salmonella Typhimurium hauv cecum ntawm cov qaib uas tau txhaj tshuaj nrog cov kab mob, uas tau ntsuas thaum muaj hnub nyoog 7, 14, thiab 21 hnub. (132) tau sau tseg tias kev pub formic acid ntawm 4 g / t rau cov qaib broiler thaum lub sijhawm loj hlob 6-lub lis piam txo qhov concentration ntawm S. Typhimurium hauv cecum kom qis dua qib kev kuaj pom.
Qhov muaj cov kua qaub formic nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov noj yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lwm qhov ntawm txoj hnyuv plab ntawm cov qaib. Al-Tarazi thiab Alshavabkeh (134) tau qhia tias kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kua qaub formic thiab propionic acid tuaj yeem txo qhov kev kis kab mob Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) hauv cov qoob loo thiab cecum. Thompson thiab Hinton (129) tau pom tias kev sib xyaw ntawm cov kua qaub formic thiab propionic acid uas muaj nyob hauv khw muag khoom ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm ob qho kua qaub hauv cov qoob loo thiab lub plab thiab yog cov kab mob tua kab mob Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 hauv tus qauv hauv vitro nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej yug me nyuam sawv cev. Lub tswv yim no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv vivo los ntawm Bird et al. (135) ntxiv cov kua qaub formic rau hauv dej haus ntawm cov qaib broiler thaum lub sijhawm yoo mov ua ntej xa khoom, zoo ib yam li cov qaib broiler yoo mov ua ntej thauj mus rau lub Hoobkas ua cov qaib. Ntxiv cov kua qaub formic rau hauv dej haus ua rau muaj kev txo qis ntawm S. Typhimurium hauv cov qoob loo thiab epididymis, thiab txo qis ntawm cov qoob loo S. Typhimurium-positive, tab sis tsis yog hauv cov epididymis zoo (135). Kev tsim cov txheej txheem xa khoom uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov organic acids thaum lawv ua haujlwm hauv txoj hnyuv qis dua yuav pab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo. Piv txwv li, microencapsulation ntawm formic acid thiab nws ntxiv rau hauv pub tau pom tias txo cov Salmonella Enteritidis hauv cov ntsiab lus cecal (136). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav txawv nyob ntawm hom tsiaj. Piv txwv li, Walia et al. (137) tsis tau pom kev txo qis ntawm Salmonella hauv cecum lossis cov qog ntshav ntawm cov npua hnub nyoog 28 hnub uas tau noj cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm formic acid, citric acid, thiab cov roj tseem ceeb, thiab txawm hais tias Salmonella excretion hauv cov quav tau txo qis thaum hnub 14, nws tsis tau txo qis thaum hnub 28. Lawv tau qhia tias kev sib kis kab mob Salmonella ntawm cov npua tau tiv thaiv.
Txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb txog formic acid ua ib yam tshuaj tua kab mob hauv kev yug tsiaj tau tsom mus rau Salmonella uas kis los ntawm zaub mov, kuj tseem muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau lwm yam kab mob hauv plab hnyuv. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro los ntawm Kovanda et al. (68) qhia tias formic acid kuj tseem yuav ua tau zoo rau lwm yam kab mob hauv plab hnyuv, suav nrog Escherichia coli thiab Campylobacter jejuni. Cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej tau qhia tias cov organic acids (piv txwv li, lactic acid) thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua lag luam uas muaj formic acid ua ib yam khoom xyaw tuaj yeem txo Campylobacter theem hauv nqaij qaib (135, 138). Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Beyer et al. (67) tau sau tseg ua ntej, kev siv formic acid ua ib yam tshuaj tua kab mob tiv thaiv Campylobacter yuav xav tau kev ceev faj. Qhov kev tshawb pom no yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb rau kev noj zaub mov ntxiv hauv nqaij qaib vim tias formic acid yog lub zog ua pa tseem ceeb rau C. jejuni. Ntxiv mus, ib feem ntawm nws lub plab hnyuv niche yog xav tias yog vim muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kua qaub uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv, xws li formate (139). Lub tswv yim no muaj qee qhov hauv paus. Vim tias formate yog chemoattractant rau C. jejuni, ob chav mutants nrog qhov tsis zoo hauv ob qho tib si formate dehydrogenase thiab hydrogenase tau txo qis tus nqi ntawm cecal colonization hauv cov qaib broiler piv rau cov tsiaj qus-hom C. jejuni hom (140, 141). Nws tseem tsis tau meej meej txog qhov twg sab nraud formic acid supplementation cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv plab hnyuv colonization los ntawm C. jejuni hauv qaib. Qhov tseeb gastrointestinal format concentration yuav qis dua vim yog formate catabolism los ntawm lwm cov kab mob gastrointestinal lossis formate absorption hauv txoj hnyuv plab sab saud, yog li ntau yam hloov pauv yuav cuam tshuam qhov no. Tsis tas li ntawd, formate yog ib qho khoom fermentation tsim los ntawm qee cov kab mob gastrointestinal, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov theem gastrointestinal formate. Kev ntsuas ntawm formate hauv cov ntsiab lus gastrointestinal thiab kev txheeb xyuas cov formate dehydrogenase genes siv metagenomics yuav ua rau pom qee yam ntawm ecology ntawm cov kab mob tsim formate.
Roth et al. (142) piv rau cov teebmeem ntawm kev pub cov qaib broiler cov tshuaj tua kab mob enrofloxacin lossis cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm formic, acetic, thiab propionic acids rau ntawm qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob Escherichia coli. Tag nrho thiab cov tshuaj tua kab mob E. coli isolates tau suav hauv cov qauv quav los ntawm cov qaib broiler 1-hnub thiab hauv cov qauv cecal los ntawm cov qaib broiler 14- thiab 38-hnub. E. coli isolates tau kuaj rau kev tiv thaiv rau ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, thiab tetracycline raws li cov ntsiab lus tau txiav txim siab ua ntej rau txhua cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Thaum cov pej xeem E. coli raug ntsuas thiab piav qhia, tsis yog enrofloxacin lossis cov kua qaub cocktail supplementation hloov pauv tag nrho cov lej ntawm E. coli cais tawm ntawm ceca ntawm 17- thiab 28-hnub qaib broiler. Cov noog uas tau noj cov khoom noj uas muaj enrofloxacin ntxiv rau hauv lawv cov zaub mov muaj cov kab mob ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, thiab tetracycline-resistant E. coli ntau ntxiv thiab cov kab mob cefotaxime-resistant E. coli tsawg dua hauv cov ceca. Cov noog uas tau noj cov khoom noj uas muaj cocktail tau txo cov kab mob ampicillin thiab tetracycline-resistant E. coli hauv cov ceca piv rau cov noog uas tau noj cov khoom noj uas muaj enrofloxacin ntxiv rau hauv. Cov noog uas tau noj cov kua qaub sib xyaw kuj tau txo cov kab mob ciprofloxacin thiab sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli hauv cov cecum piv rau cov noog uas tau noj enrofloxacin. Txoj kev uas cov kua qaub txo cov kab mob E. coli uas tiv taus tshuaj tua kab mob yam tsis txo tag nrho cov kab mob E. coli tseem tsis meej. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Roth et al. yog sib xws nrog cov ntawm pawg enrofloxacin. (142) Qhov no yuav yog qhov qhia txog kev txo qis ntawm cov noob tiv thaiv tshuaj tua kab mob hauv E. coli, xws li cov tshuaj inhibitors txuas plasmid piav qhia los ntawm Cabezon et al. (143). Nws yuav nthuav kom ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tob dua ntawm plasmid-mediated antibiotic tsis kam hauv cov pejxeem gastrointestinal ntawm cov nqaij qaib nyob rau hauv qhov muaj cov khoom noj ntxiv xws li formic acid thiab kom txhim kho qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov gastrointestinal resistome.
Kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxiv rau cov kab mob tua kab mob zoo tshaj plaws rau cov kab mob yuav tsum muaj qhov cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob me me uas suav tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus tswv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov organic acids uas tau muab tso rau sab nraud tuaj yeem muaj cov teebmeem tsis zoo rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv thiab qee qhov tsis zoo rau lawv cov khoom tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov kab mob. Piv txwv li, Thompson thiab Hinton (129) tau pom cov qoob loo lactic acid qis dua hauv cov qaib tso uas tau pub cov kua qaub formic thiab propionic, qhia tias qhov muaj cov organic acids no hauv cov qoob loo ua rau muaj kev txo qis ntawm cov qoob loo lactobacilli. Cov qoob loo lactobacilli raug suav hais tias yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau Salmonella, thiab yog li ntawd kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qoob loo microbiota no yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau kev txo qis ntawm Salmonella colonization ntawm txoj hnyuv (144). Açıkgöz et al. pom tias cov teebmeem qis dua ntawm cov noog yuav qis dua. (145) Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv pom hauv tag nrho cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv lossis Escherichia coli suav hauv cov qaib broiler 42 hnub haus dej acidified nrog formic acid. Cov kws sau ntawv tau hais tias qhov no yuav yog vim formate raug metabolized hauv txoj hnyuv sab saud, raws li lwm tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom nrog cov roj fatty acids luv luv (SCFA) uas tau muab tso rau sab nraud (128, 129).
Kev tiv thaiv cov kua qaub formic los ntawm qee hom kev encapsulation yuav pab nws mus txog rau hauv txoj hnyuv plab. (146) tau sau tseg tias microencapsulated formic acid ua rau cov roj fatty acid luv luv (SCFA) ntau ntxiv rau hauv cecum ntawm npua piv rau npua uas tau noj cov kua qaub formic tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Qhov tshwm sim no ua rau cov kws sau ntawv hais tias cov kua qaub formic yuav mus txog rau hauv txoj hnyuv plab yog tias nws raug tiv thaiv kom zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lwm yam kev ntsuas, xws li cov qauv ntawm formate thiab lactate, txawm hais tias siab dua li cov uas tau noj zaub mov tswj, tsis txawv ntawm cov uas tau noj zaub mov formate tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Txawm hais tias npua uas tau noj cov kua qaub formic tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab tiv thaiv tau qhia txog kev nce peb npaug ntawm cov kua qaub lactic, cov lej ntawm lactobacilli tsis tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev kho mob. Qhov sib txawv yuav pom tseeb dua rau lwm cov kab mob uas tsim cov kua qaub lactic hauv cecum (1) uas tsis pom los ntawm cov txheej txheem no thiab / lossis (2) uas cov haujlwm metabolic cuam tshuam, yog li hloov pauv tus qauv fermentation xws li cov lactobacilli nyob hauv tsev tsim cov kua qaub lactic ntau dua.
Yuav kom kawm tau zoo dua txog cov teebmeem ntawm cov khoom noj ntxiv rau hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm cov tsiaj ua liaj ua teb, cov txheej txheem txheeb xyuas cov kab mob me me uas muaj kev daws teeb meem siab dua yog qhov xav tau. Nyob rau ob peb xyoos dhau los, kev txheeb xyuas tiam tom ntej (NGS) ntawm 16S RNA gene tau siv los txheeb xyuas cov kab mob me me thiab sib piv ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov zej zog microbial (147), uas tau muab kev nkag siab zoo dua txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom noj ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom noj thiab cov kab mob me me hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm cov tsiaj noj xws li nqaij qaib.
Muaj ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb tau siv microbiome sequencing los ntsuam xyuas cov lus teb ntawm cov qaib gastrointestinal microbiome rau formate supplementation. Oakley et al. (148) tau ua ib txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv cov qaib broiler 42 hnub uas tau ntxiv nrog ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm formic acid, propionic acid, thiab cov roj fatty acids nruab nrab hauv lawv cov dej haus lossis pub. Cov qaib txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau raug sim nrog cov kab mob Salmonella typhimurium uas tiv taus nalidixic acid thiab lawv cov ceca tau raug tshem tawm ntawm 0, 7, 21, thiab 42 hnub ntawm hnub nyoog. Cov qauv Cecal tau npaj rau 454 pyrosequencing thiab cov txiaj ntsig sequencing tau raug soj ntsuam rau kev faib tawm thiab kev sib piv zoo sib xws. Tag nrho, kev kho mob tsis cuam tshuam rau cov cecal microbiome lossis S. Typhimurium theem. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov nqi kuaj Salmonella txo qis thaum cov noog laus, raws li tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas taxonomic ntawm microbiome, thiab qhov ntau ntawm Salmonella sequences kuj txo qis dhau sijhawm. Cov kws sau ntawv sau tseg tias thaum cov qaib ntxhw laus zuj zus, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev tau nce ntxiv, nrog rau kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv tau pom thoob plaws txhua pawg kho mob. Hauv kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no, Hu et al. (149) piv rau cov teebmeem ntawm kev haus dej thiab kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog cov organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, thiab ammonium formate) thiab virginiamycin ntawm cov qauv cecal microbiome los ntawm cov qaib broiler sau ntawm ob theem (1-21 hnub thiab 22-42 hnub). Txawm hais tias qee qhov sib txawv ntawm cecal microbiome ntau haiv neeg tau pom ntawm cov pab pawg kho mob thaum muaj hnub nyoog 21 hnub, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm α- lossis β-bacteria ntau haiv neeg tau pom thaum muaj hnub nyoog 42 hnub. Vim tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm 42 hnub, cov kws sau ntawv tau xav tias qhov zoo ntawm kev loj hlob yuav yog vim muaj kev tsim ua ntej ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv zoo tshaj plaws.
Kev tshuaj xyuas Microbiome uas tsom mus rau lub zej zog cecal microbial yuav tsis qhia txog qhov twg hauv txoj hnyuv plab feem ntau ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov organic acids hauv cov zaub mov tshwm sim. Cov kab mob hauv txoj hnyuv plab sab saud ntawm cov qaib broiler yuav raug cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov teebmeem ntawm cov organic acids hauv cov zaub mov, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Hume et al. (128) tau hais. Hume et al. (128) tau qhia tias feem ntau ntawm cov propionate ntxiv sab nraud tau nqus mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv plab sab saud ntawm cov noog. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no ntawm kev piav qhia txog cov kab mob hauv txoj hnyuv plab kuj txhawb nqa qhov kev xav no. Nava et al. (150) tau qhia tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov organic acids [DL-2-hydroxy-4 (methylthio) butyric acid], formic acid, thiab propionic acid (HFP) cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hauv plab thiab ua rau Lactobacillus colonization ntau ntxiv hauv ileum ntawm cov qaib. Tsis ntev los no, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) tau qhia tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov organic acid sib xyaw [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, thiab propionic acid (HFP) cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob hauv plab thiab ua rau Lactobacillus loj hlob ntau ntxiv hauv cov qaib ileum. (151) tau kawm txog kev pub cov qaib broiler sib xyaw ua ke ntawm formic acid thiab propionic acid ntawm ob qhov concentration (0.75% thiab 1.50%) rau 35 hnub. Thaum kawg ntawm kev sim, cov qoob loo, plab, ob feem peb ntawm ileum, thiab cecum tau raug tshem tawm thiab cov qauv tau coj mus rau kev tshuaj xyuas ntau ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab thiab cov metabolites siv RT-PCR. Hauv kev cog qoob loo, qhov concentration ntawm cov organic acids tsis cuam tshuam rau qhov muaj ntau ntawm Lactobacillus lossis Bifidobacterium, tab sis ua rau cov pejxeem ntawm Clostridium ntau ntxiv. Hauv ileum, tsuas yog qhov kev hloov pauv yog qhov txo qis hauv Lactobacillus thiab Enterobacter, thaum nyob hauv cecum cov kab mob no tseem tsis hloov pauv (151). Thaum muaj cov organic acid ntau tshaj plaws, tag nrho cov lactic acid concentration (D thiab L) tau txo qis hauv cov qoob loo, qhov concentration ntawm ob qho organic acids tau txo qis hauv lub plab, thiab qhov concentration ntawm cov organic acids qis dua hauv cecum. Tsis muaj kev hloov pauv hauv ileum. Hais txog cov roj fatty acids luv luv (SCFAs), tsuas yog qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov qoob loo thiab lub plab ntawm cov noog uas tau noj cov organic acids yog nyob rau hauv qib propionate. Cov noog uas tau noj cov organic acid qis dua tau qhia txog kev nce ntxiv yuav luag kaum npaug hauv propionate hauv cov qoob loo, thaum cov noog uas tau noj ob qhov concentration ntawm cov organic acid tau qhia txog kev nce ntxiv yim thiab kaum tsib npaug hauv propionate hauv lub plab, raws li. Kev nce ntxiv ntawm acetate hauv ileum tsawg dua ob npaug. Tag nrho, cov ntaub ntawv no txhawb nqa qhov kev xav tias feem ntau ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm kev siv cov organic acid sab nraud tau pom tseeb hauv kev tsim khoom, thaum cov organic acids muaj cov teebmeem tsawg kawg nkaus rau cov kab mob hauv plab qis, qhia tias cov qauv fermentation ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab sab saud tej zaum yuav tau hloov pauv.
Nws yog ib qho tseeb tias yuav tsum muaj kev piav qhia tob ntxiv txog cov kab mob me me (microbiome) kom meej meej txog cov kab mob me me uas tsim thoob plaws hauv txoj hnyuv plab. Kev tshuaj xyuas tob ntxiv txog cov kab mob me me ntawm cov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv txoj hnyuv plab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov chaw sab saud xws li cov qoob loo, yuav muab kev nkag siab ntxiv rau kev xaiv cov pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob me me. Lawv cov kev ua ub no ntawm kev zom zaub mov thiab enzymatic kuj tseem yuav txiav txim siab seb lawv puas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kab mob uas nkag mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv plab. Nws kuj tseem yuav nthuav kom ua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas metagenomic los txiav txim siab seb puas muaj kev raug cov tshuaj lom neeg acidic thaum lub sijhawm ua neej ntawm cov noog xaiv rau cov kab mob nyob "acid-tolerant", thiab seb qhov muaj thiab / lossis kev ua ub no ntawm cov kab mob no puas yuav sawv cev rau qhov kev thaiv ntxiv rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob.
Formic acid tau siv ntau xyoo los ua cov tshuaj ntxiv rau hauv cov tsiaj pub thiab ua cov kua qaub silage. Ib qho ntawm nws cov kev siv tseem ceeb yog nws cov kev ua haujlwm antimicrobial los txwv cov kab mob hauv cov zaub mov thiab lawv cov colonization tom qab hauv txoj hnyuv ntawm cov noog. Kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro tau qhia tias formic acid yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab mob zoo tiv thaiv Salmonella thiab lwm yam kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv formic acid hauv cov matrices pub yuav raug txwv los ntawm cov organic ntau hauv cov khoom xyaw pub thiab lawv lub peev xwm buffering. Formic acid zoo li muaj kev cuam tshuam rau Salmonella thiab lwm yam kab mob thaum noj los ntawm pub lossis dej haus. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam no tshwm sim feem ntau hauv txoj hnyuv sab saud, vim tias cov tshuaj formic acid concentration yuav raug txo qis hauv txoj hnyuv qis, zoo li cov tshuaj propionic acid. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tiv thaiv formic acid los ntawm encapsulation muab txoj hauv kev zoo los xa ntau cov kua qaub rau txoj hnyuv qis. Ntxiv mus, kev tshawb fawb tau qhia tias kev sib xyaw ntawm cov organic acids zoo dua hauv kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov noog dua li kev tswj hwm ntawm ib qho kua qaub (152). Campylobacter hauv txoj hnyuv plab yuav teb txawv rau formate, vim nws siv tau formate ua tus pub electron, thiab formate yog nws lub zog tseem ceeb. Nws tsis meej tias kev nce cov formate concentration hauv txoj hnyuv plab yuav pab tau Campylobacter, thiab qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim nyob ntawm lwm cov kab mob plab uas siv tau formate ua lub substrate.
Yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv los tshawb nrhiav cov teebmeem ntawm cov kua qaub formic acid hauv plab hnyuv rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv uas tsis yog kab mob. Peb nyiam xaiv cov kab mob uas tsis cuam tshuam rau cov tswv cuab ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus tswv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yuav tsum tau muaj kev tshuaj xyuas tob dua ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv no. Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm txog cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv ntawm cov noog uas tau kho nrog formic acid, tab sis yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntau dua rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv sab saud. Kev txheeb xyuas cov kab mob me me thiab kev sib piv ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv thaum muaj lossis tsis muaj formic acid tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev piav qhia tsis tiav. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntxiv, suav nrog metabolomics thiab metagenomics, yog qhov xav tau los piav qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pab pawg zoo sib xws. Kev piav qhia no yog qhov tseem ceeb los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv thiab cov lus teb ua tau zoo ntawm cov noog rau cov tshuaj formic acid. Kev sib koom ua ke ntau txoj hauv kev los piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab hnyuv kom meej dua yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev txhim kho cov tswv yim ntxiv cov kua qaub organic zoo dua thiab thaum kawg txhim kho kev kwv yees ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov noog thaum txwv kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyab xeeb zaub mov.
SR tau sau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no nrog kev pab los ntawm DD thiab KR. Txhua tus kws sau ntawv tau muab kev pab tseem ceeb rau txoj haujlwm uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no.
Cov kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no tau txais nyiaj txiag los ntawm Anitox Corporation los pib sau thiab tshaj tawm qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no. Cov neeg pab nyiaj txiag tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov kev xav thiab cov lus xaus uas tau hais tawm hauv tsab xov xwm tshuaj xyuas no lossis kev txiav txim siab los tshaj tawm nws.
Cov kws sau ntawv uas tseem tshuav tshaj tawm tias kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav thaum tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv kev lag luam lossis kev nyiaj txiag uas yuav raug txhais ua kev tsis sib haum xeeb.
Dr. DD xav ua tsaug rau kev txhawb nqa los ntawm University of Arkansas Graduate School los ntawm Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa tas mus li los ntawm University of Arkansas Cell thiab Molecular Biology Program thiab Department of Food Sciences. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws sau ntawv xav ua tsaug rau Anitox rau kev txhawb nqa thawj zaug hauv kev sau cov kev tshuaj xyuas no.
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