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Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov shale hauv cov pas dej clastic tsim teeb meem loj heev, ua rau muaj kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm lub qhov dej. Vim yog qhov laj thawj ib puag ncig, kev siv cov kua dej drilling uas muaj cov tshuaj shale inhibitors ntxiv yog qhov nyiam dua li cov kua dej drilling uas muaj roj. Cov kua ionic (ILs) tau nyiam ntau qhov kev saib xyuas ua cov tshuaj shale inhibitors vim lawv cov khoom kho tau thiab cov yam ntxwv electrostatic muaj zog. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kua ionic imidazolyl (ILs), siv dav hauv cov kua drilling, tau ua pov thawj tias muaj tshuaj lom, tsis lwj thiab kim. Cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob (DES) raug suav hais tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev pheej yig dua thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov kua ionic, tab sis lawv tseem tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom ib puag ncig ruaj khov. Kev nce qib tsis ntev los no hauv daim teb no tau ua rau muaj kev qhia txog cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob ntuj (NADES), paub txog lawv qhov kev phooj ywg ib puag ncig tiag tiag. Kev tshawb fawb no tau tshawb nrhiav NADESs, uas muaj citric acid (ua tus neeg txais hydrogen bond) thiab glycerol (ua tus neeg pub hydrogen bond) ua cov tshuaj ntxiv rau cov kua drilling. Cov kua dej drilling uas siv NADES tau tsim los raws li API 13B-1 thiab lawv cov kev ua tau zoo tau piv nrog cov kua dej drilling uas siv potassium chloride, cov kua dej ionic uas siv imidazolium, thiab cov kua dej drilling uas siv choline chloride:urea-DES. Cov khoom siv physicochemical ntawm cov NADESs tshwj xeeb tau piav qhia meej. Cov khoom siv rheological, kev poob kua, thiab cov khoom siv shale inhibition ntawm cov kua dej drilling tau raug soj ntsuam thaum lub sijhawm kawm, thiab nws tau pom tias ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 3% NADESs, qhov yield stress/plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV) tau nce, qhov tuab ntawm cov av nkos tau txo los ntawm 26%, thiab qhov ntim ntawm cov dej filtrate tau txo los ntawm 30.1%. Qhov tseem ceeb, NADES tau ua tiav qhov kev txwv tsis pub nthuav dav ntawm 49.14% thiab nce shale ntau lawm los ntawm 86.36%. Cov txiaj ntsig no tau muab rau lub peev xwm ntawm NADES los hloov kho qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw, zeta potential, thiab interlayer spacing ntawm cov av nplaum, uas tau tham hauv daim ntawv no kom nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem hauv qab. Cov kua dej drilling no uas ruaj khov no yuav hloov pauv kev lag luam drilling los ntawm kev muab lwm txoj hauv kev uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tsim nyog tus nqi, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev xeb ntawm shale ib txwm muaj, thiab ua rau muaj kev coj ua drilling uas zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Shale yog ib lub pob zeb uas muaj ntau yam siv tau thiab yog ib qho chaw khaws cov hydrocarbons, thiab nws cov qauv porous1 muab lub peev xwm rau ob qho tib si kev tsim khoom thiab kev khaws cia ntawm cov peev txheej muaj nqis no. Txawm li cas los xij, shale nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov av nplaum minerals xws li montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite thiab illite, uas ua rau nws yooj yim o thaum raug dej, ua rau lub qhov dej tsis ruaj khov thaum lub sijhawm drilling2,3. Cov teeb meem no tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm tsis tsim khoom (NPT) thiab ntau yam teeb meem kev ua haujlwm suav nrog cov kav dej daig, cov av nkos ploj mus, lub qhov dej tawg thiab qhov av qias neeg, ua rau lub sijhawm rov qab thiab tus nqi nce ntxiv. Ib txwm muaj, cov roj drilling kua (OBDF) tau yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau shale formations vim lawv lub peev xwm los tiv taus shale nthuav dav4. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv cov roj drilling kua muaj cov nqi siab dua thiab kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig. Synthetic-based drilling kua (SBDF) tau raug txiav txim siab ua lwm txoj hauv kev, tab sis lawv qhov kev tsim nyog ntawm qhov kub siab tsis txaus siab. Cov kua dej drilling uas siv dej (WBDF) yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo vim tias lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb dua, zoo dua rau ib puag ncig, thiab pheej yig dua li OBDF5. Ntau yam tshuaj shale inhibitors tau siv los txhim kho lub peev xwm tiv thaiv shale ntawm WBDF, suav nrog cov tshuaj inhibitors ib txwm muaj xws li potassium chloride, lime, silicate, thiab polymer. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj inhibitors no muaj kev txwv hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim muaj K + concentration siab hauv cov tshuaj potassium chloride inhibitors thiab pH rhiab heev ntawm silicates. 6 Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb nrhiav qhov ua tau ntawm kev siv cov kua ionic ua cov kua drilling additives los txhim kho cov kua drilling rheology thiab tiv thaiv shale o thiab hydrate tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kua ionic no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj imidazolyl cations, feem ntau yog lom, kim, tsis biodegradable, thiab xav tau cov txheej txheem npaj nyuaj. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem no, tib neeg pib nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev pheej yig dua thiab zoo rau ib puag ncig, uas ua rau muaj cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob (DES). DES yog ib qho sib xyaw eutectic uas tsim los ntawm tus neeg pub hydrogen bond (HBD) thiab tus neeg txais hydrogen bond (HBA) ntawm qhov sib piv molar thiab qhov kub tshwj xeeb. Cov sib xyaw eutectic no muaj cov ntsiab lus yaj qis dua li lawv cov khoom sib xyaw, feem ntau yog vim muaj kev faib tawm ntawm cov nqi los ntawm cov hydrogen bonds. Muaj ntau yam, suav nrog lub zog lattice, kev hloov pauv entropy, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm anions thiab HBD, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qis qhov taw tes yaj ntawm DES.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los, ntau yam khoom ntxiv tau ntxiv rau cov kua dej drilling kom daws tau qhov teeb meem shale nthuav dav. Piv txwv li, Ofei et al. ntxiv 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl), uas txo qhov tuab ntawm cov av nkos (txog li 50%) thiab txo qhov YP / PV tus nqi los ntawm 11 ntawm qhov kub sib txawv. Huang et al. siv cov kua ionic (tshwj xeeb, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide thiab 1,2-bis (3-hexylimidazol-1-yl) ethane bromide) ua ke nrog Na-Bt cov khoom me me thiab txo qhov o ntawm shale los ntawm 86.43% thiab 94.17%, feem.12. Tsis tas li ntawd, Yang et al. siv 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide thiab 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide los txo qhov o ntawm shale los ntawm 16.91% thiab 5.81%, feem. 13 Yang et al. kuj siv 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide thiab txo qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm shale los ntawm 31.62% thaum tswj kev rov qab los ntawm shale ntawm 40.60%. 14 Tsis tas li ntawd, Luo et al. siv 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate los txo qhov o ntawm shale los ntawm 80%. 15, 16 Dai et al. siv cov kua ionic copolymers los tiv thaiv shale thiab ua tiav 18% nce hauv kev rov qab los ntawm linear piv rau cov tshuaj amine inhibitors. 17
Cov kua dej ionic lawv tus kheej muaj qee qhov tsis zoo, uas ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev zoo dua rau cov kua dej ionic, thiab yog li DES yug los. Hanjia yog thawj tus siv cov tshuaj eutectic tob (DES) uas muaj vinyl chloride propionic acid (1: 1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1: 2), thiab 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1: 1: 2), uas tiv thaiv qhov o ntawm bentonite los ntawm 68%, 58%, thiab 58%, feem. Hauv kev sim dawb, MH Rasul siv 2: 1 piv ntawm glycerol thiab potassium carbonate (DES) thiab txo qhov o ntawm cov qauv shale los ntawm 87%19,20. Ma siv urea: vinyl chloride los txo qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm shale los ntawm 67%.21 Rasul et al. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm DES thiab polymer tau siv ua tus neeg ua haujlwm shale inhibitor ob tog, uas ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo heev rau shale inhibition22.
Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj eutectic tob (DES) feem ntau suav hais tias yog lwm txoj hauv kev ntsuab dua li cov kua ionic, lawv kuj muaj cov khoom muaj peev xwm lom xws li cov ntsev ammonium, uas ua rau lawv cov phooj ywg ib puag ncig tsis meej. Qhov teeb meem no tau ua rau muaj kev tsim cov tshuaj eutectic tob ntuj (NADES). Lawv tseem raug cais ua DES, tab sis muaj cov khoom ntuj thiab cov ntsev, suav nrog potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom ntsev (MgSO4.7H2O), thiab lwm yam. Ntau qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm DES thiab NADES qhib ntau qhov chaw rau kev tshawb fawb hauv thaj chaw no thiab xav tias yuav pom cov ntawv thov hauv ntau qhov chaw. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav tsim cov kev sib xyaw ua ke DES tshiab uas tau ua pov thawj zoo hauv ntau yam kev siv. Piv txwv li, Naser et al. 2013 synthesized potassium carbonate-based DES thiab kawm nws cov khoom thermophysical, uas tom qab ntawd pom cov ntawv thov hauv thaj chaw ntawm hydrate inhibition, drilling fluid additives, delignification, thiab nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim cov ascorbic acid-based NADES thiab soj ntsuam nws cov khoom antioxidant hauv ntau yam kev siv. 24 Christer et al. tau tsim citric acid-based NADES thiab txheeb xyuas nws lub peev xwm ua ib qho khoom siv rau cov khoom collagen. 25 Liu Yi thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau sau cov ntawv thov ntawm NADES ua cov khoom siv rho tawm thiab chromatography hauv kev tshuaj xyuas dav dav, thaum Misan et al. tau tham txog cov ntawv thov ua tiav ntawm NADES hauv kev lag luam agri-zaub mov. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb uas cov kws tshawb fawb txog cov kua dej drilling pib them sai sai rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm NADES hauv lawv cov ntawv thov. tsis ntev los no. Xyoo 2023, Rasul et al. siv ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob tob raws li ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 thiab Epsom ntsev29 thiab ua tiav qhov zoo kawg nkaus shale inhibition thiab shale rov qab. Txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog ib qho ntawm thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb los qhia txog NADES (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog citric acid thiab glycerol-based formulation) ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv shale uas zoo rau ib puag ncig thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov kua dej drilling, uas muaj kev ruaj khov zoo heev rau ib puag ncig, txhim kho shale inhibition thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej piv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib txwm muaj xws li KCl, imidazolyl-based ionic kua thiab cov tshuaj DES ib txwm muaj.
Txoj kev tshawb fawb no yuav muaj kev npaj ua ke ntawm citric acid (CA) raws li NADES ua raws li kev piav qhia txog lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg thiab nws siv ua cov kua dej drilling los ntsuas cov khoom ntawm cov kua drilling thiab nws lub peev xwm tiv thaiv kev o. Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, CA yuav ua haujlwm ua tus txais hydrogen bond thaum glycerol (Gly) yuav ua haujlwm ua tus pub hydrogen bond xaiv raws li MH kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas rau NADES tsim / xaiv hauv shale inhibition studies30. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) thiab zeta potential (ZP) kev ntsuas yuav piav qhia txog NADES-av nplaum sib cuam tshuam thiab lub hauv paus ntawm cov av nplaum o inhibition. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb fawb no yuav piv CA NADES raws li cov kua drilling nrog DES32 raws li 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl thiab choline chloride:urea (1:2) los tshawb nrhiav lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv shale inhibition thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua drilling.
Citric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), thiab urea tau yuav los ntawm EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, thiab potassium chloride tau yuav los ntawm Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm txhua yam tshuaj tau pom hauv Daim Duab 1. Daim duab ntsuab piv cov tshuaj tseem ceeb uas siv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no: imidazolyl ionic kua, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, thiab NADES (citric acid thiab glycerol). Lub rooj eco-friendliness ntawm cov tshuaj siv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no tau nthuav tawm hauv Rooj 1. Hauv lub rooj, txhua yam tshuaj tau ntsuas raws li kev lom, biodegradability, tus nqi, thiab kev ruaj khov ib puag ncig.
Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, thiab (d) glycerol.
Cov neeg pub hydrogen bond (HBD) thiab cov neeg txais hydrogen bond (HBA) rau kev tsim CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) raws li NADES tau raug xaiv ua tib zoo raws li cov qauv xaiv MH 30, uas yog rau kev tsim NADES ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv shale zoo. Raws li cov qauv no, cov khoom uas muaj ntau tus neeg pub hydrogen bond thiab cov neeg txais nrog rau cov pab pawg polar functional tau suav tias tsim nyog rau kev tsim NADES.
Ntxiv rau, cov kua ionic [EMIM]Cl thiab choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) tau raug xaiv los sib piv hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no vim tias lawv tau siv dav ua cov khoom siv drilling fluid additives33,34,35,36. Ntxiv rau, potassium chloride (KCl) tau raug piv rau vim tias nws yog ib qho tshuaj inhibitor feem ntau.
Citric acid thiab glycerol tau sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov piv sib txawv ntawm cov molar kom tau txais cov khoom sib xyaw eutectic. Kev tshuaj xyuas pom tau tias cov khoom sib xyaw eutectic yog cov kua dej sib xyaw, pob tshab tsis muaj turbidity, qhia tias tus neeg pub hydrogen bond (HBD) thiab tus neeg txais hydrogen bond (HBA) tau sib xyaw ua ke zoo hauv cov khoom sib xyaw eutectic no. Cov kev sim ua ntej tau ua los saib xyuas qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ntawm HBD thiab HBA. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv muaj, qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw eutectic tau soj ntsuam ntawm peb qhov kub tshwj xeeb saum 50 ° C, 70 ° C thiab 100 ° C, qhia tias qhov kub eutectic feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm 50-80 ° C. Lub Mettler digital balance tau siv los ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm HBD thiab HBA cov khoom, thiab lub Thermo Fisher hot plate tau siv los ua kom sov thiab do HBD thiab HBA ntawm 100 rpm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tswj hwm.
Cov khoom siv thermophysical ntawm peb cov tshuaj eutectic sib sib zog nqus (DES), suav nrog qhov ceev, qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw, qhov ntsuas refractive, thiab viscosity, tau ntsuas kom raug dhau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 289.15 txog 333.15 K. Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias qhov kub thiab txias no tau raug xaiv vim yog qhov txwv ntawm cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm. Kev tshuaj xyuas dav dav suav nrog kev kawm tob txog ntau yam khoom siv thermophysical ntawm cov qauv NADES no, qhia lawv tus cwj pwm dhau ntawm ntau qhov kub thiab txias. Kev tsom mus rau qhov kub thiab txias tshwj xeeb no muab kev nkag siab rau hauv cov khoom ntawm NADES uas tseem ceeb rau ntau daim ntawv thov.
Qhov kev nruj ntawm qhov chaw ntawm NADES uas tau npaj tseg tau ntsuas hauv qhov ntau ntawm 289.15 txog 333.15 K siv lub ntsuas kev nruj ntawm lub cev (IFT700). Cov dej ntws ntawm NADES tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub chamber uas muaj cov kua dej ntau siv lub koob capillary nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias tshwj xeeb. Cov txheej txheem duab niaj hnub no qhia txog cov qauv geometric tsim nyog los xam qhov kev nruj ntawm lub cev siv Laplace equation.
Ib lub ATAGO refractometer tau siv los txiav txim siab qhov refractive index ntawm NADES uas tau npaj tshiab dhau ntawm qhov kub ntawm 289.15 txog 333.15 K. Lub cuab yeej siv lub thermal module los tswj qhov kub thiab txias kom kwv yees qhov degree ntawm refraction ntawm lub teeb, tshem tawm qhov xav tau rau lub dab dej kub tas li. Lub prism nto ntawm lub refractometer yuav tsum tau ntxuav thiab cov kua qauv yuav tsum tau faib sib npaug zos rau nws. Calibrate nrog ib qho kua txheem paub, thiab tom qab ntawd nyeem qhov refractive index ntawm lub vijtsam.
Qhov viscosity ntawm cov NADES uas tau npaj tseg tau ntsuas dhau qhov kub ntawm 289.15 txog 333.15 K siv Brookfield rotational viscometer (hom cryogenic) ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 30 rpm thiab qhov loj ntawm spindle ntawm 6. Lub viscometer ntsuas viscosity los ntawm kev txiav txim siab lub zog uas xav tau los tig lub spindle ntawm qhov ceev tas li hauv cov qauv kua. Tom qab cov qauv raug tso rau ntawm lub vijtsam hauv qab lub spindle thiab nruj, lub viscometer qhia cov viscosity hauv centipoise (cP), muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom rheological ntawm cov kua.
Lub ntsuas qhov ceev uas siv tau yooj yim DMA 35 Basic tau siv los txiav txim qhov ceev ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob uas tau npaj tshiab (NDEES) hauv qhov kub ntawm 289.15–333.15 K. Vim tias lub cuab yeej tsis muaj lub cua sov ua kom sov, nws yuav tsum tau preheated rau qhov kub uas tau teev tseg (± 2 °C) ua ntej siv lub ntsuas qhov ceev NADES. Kos tsawg kawg 2 ml ntawm cov qauv los ntawm lub raj, thiab qhov ceev yuav tshwm sim tam sim ntawd ntawm qhov screen. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau tseg tias vim tsis muaj lub cua sov ua kom sov, cov txiaj ntsig ntsuas muaj qhov yuam kev ntawm ± 2 °C.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov pH ntawm NADES tshiab uas tau npaj tseg hauv qhov kub ntawm 289.15–333.15 K, peb siv Kenis lub rooj ntev pH meter. Vim tias tsis muaj lub cuab yeej ua kom sov, NADES tau raug cua sov ua ntej mus rau qhov kub xav tau (± 2 ° C) siv lub phaj kub thiab tom qab ntawd ntsuas ncaj qha nrog lub ntsuas pH. Muab lub ntsuas pH ntsuas rau hauv NADES tag nrho thiab sau cov nqi kawg tom qab nyeem tau ruaj khov.
Kev tshuaj xyuas Thermogravimetric (TGA) tau siv los ntsuas qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob (NADES). Cov qauv tau raug tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm cua sov. Siv qhov sib npaug siab thiab saib xyuas cov txheej txheem cua sov kom zoo, ib daim duab ntawm qhov poob ntawm qhov hnyav piv rau qhov kub tau tsim. NADES tau raug cua sov ntawm 0 txog 500 ° C ntawm tus nqi ntawm 1 ° C ib feeb.
Yuav pib ua cov txheej txheem no, cov qauv NADES yuav tsum tau sib xyaw kom huv si, sib xyaw kom zoo, thiab tshem tawm cov dej noo ntawm qhov chaw. Cov qauv uas tau npaj lawm ces muab tso rau hauv TGA cuvette, uas feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv inert xws li txhuas. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseeb, cov cuab yeej TGA raug calibrated siv cov ntaub ntawv siv, feem ntau yog cov qauv hnyav. Thaum calibrated lawm, qhov kev sim TGA pib thiab cov qauv raug cua sov hauv txoj kev tswj hwm, feem ntau ntawm qhov nrawm tas li. Kev saib xyuas tas li ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv thiab qhov kub yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev sim. Cov cuab yeej TGA sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kub, qhov hnyav, thiab lwm yam xws li cov pa roj ntws lossis qhov kub ntawm cov qauv. Thaum qhov kev sim TGA tiav lawm, cov ntaub ntawv sau tau raug tshuaj xyuas kom paub qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub. Cov ntaub ntawv no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txiav txim siab qhov kub thiab txias uas cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv lub cev thiab tshuaj hauv cov qauv, suav nrog cov txheej txheem xws li yaj, evaporation, oxidation, lossis decomposition.
Cov kua dej drilling uas yog dej tau tsim ua tib zoo raws li tus qauv API 13B-1, thiab nws cov khoom xyaw tshwj xeeb tau teev nyob rau hauv Rooj 2 rau kev siv. Citric acid thiab glycerol (99 USP) tau yuav los ntawm Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia los npaj cov tshuaj eutectic tob tob (NADES). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj shale inhibitor potassium chloride (KCl) kuj tau yuav los ntawm Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) nrog kev ntshiab ntawm ntau dua 98% tau xaiv vim nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho rheology ntawm cov kua drilling thiab shale inhibition, uas tau lees paub hauv kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los. Ob qho tib si KCl thiab ([EMIM]Cl) yuav raug siv rau hauv kev sib piv kev tshuaj xyuas los ntsuas qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm shale inhibition ntawm NADES.
Muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb nyiam siv cov bentonite flakes los kawm txog shale o vim tias bentonite muaj tib pawg "montmorillonite" uas ua rau shale o. Kev tau txais cov qauv shale core tiag tiag yog qhov nyuaj vim tias cov txheej txheem coring ua rau lub shale tsis ruaj khov, ua rau cov qauv uas tsis yog shale tag nrho tab sis feem ntau muaj cov txheej sandstone thiab limestone sib xyaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov qauv shale feem ntau tsis muaj cov pawg montmorillonite uas ua rau shale o thiab yog li ntawd tsis haum rau kev sim tiv thaiv kev o.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, peb siv cov khoom bentonite uas tau rov ua dua tshiab nrog lub cheeb ntawm kwv yees li 2.54 cm. Cov granules tau ua los ntawm kev nias 11.5 grams ntawm sodium bentonite hmoov hauv lub tshuab hydraulic ntawm 1600 psi. Qhov tuab ntawm cov granules tau ntsuas kom raug ua ntej muab tso rau hauv lub linear dilatometer (LD). Cov khoom me me tau muab tso rau hauv cov qauv kua drilling, suav nrog cov qauv hauv paus thiab cov qauv txhaj tshuaj nrog cov tshuaj inhibitors siv los tiv thaiv shale o. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tuab ntawm cov granule tau saib xyuas zoo siv LD, nrog rau kev ntsuas kaw ntawm 60-thib ob lub sijhawm rau 24 teev.
Kev ntsuas hluav taws xob X-ray qhia tau hais tias cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm bentonite, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov khoom montmorillonite 47%, yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog nws cov yam ntxwv geological. Ntawm cov khoom montmorillonite ntawm bentonite, montmorillonite yog cov khoom tseem ceeb, suav txog 88.6% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom. Lub caij no, quartz suav txog 29%, illite rau 7%, thiab carbonate rau 9%. Ib feem me me (kwv yees li 3.2%) yog kev sib xyaw ntawm illite thiab montmorillonite. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li Fe2O3 (4.7%), nyiaj aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), thiab phosphate (2.3%). Tsis tas li ntawd, me me ntawm Na2O (1.83%) thiab hlau silicate (2.17%) muaj nyob, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txaus siab rau cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm bentonite thiab lawv cov feem sib piv.
Tshooj kev kawm no piav qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm rheological thiab filtration ntawm cov kua dej drilling uas tau npaj siv cov tshuaj solvent eutectic ntuj (NADES) thiab siv ua cov kua dej drilling ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv (1%, 3% thiab 5%). Cov qauv slurry raws li NADES tau muab piv thiab tshuaj xyuas nrog cov qauv slurry uas muaj potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) thiab ionic kua. Muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb tau them rau hauv kev tshawb fawb no suav nrog kev nyeem viscosity tau txais los ntawm kev siv FANN viscometer ua ntej thiab tom qab raug rau cov xwm txheej laus ntawm 100 ° C thiab 150 ° C. Kev ntsuas tau coj ntawm qhov ceev sib txawv (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm thiab 600 rpm) uas tso cai rau kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kua dej drilling. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb xws li yield point (YP) thiab yas viscosity (PV), uas muab kev nkag siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua hauv ntau yam xwm txheej. Kev ntsuam xyuas kev lim dej siab siab kub (HPHT) ntawm 400 psi thiab 150 ° C (qhov kub ib txwm muaj hauv cov qhov dej kub siab) txiav txim siab qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev lim dej (tuab ntawm lub ncuav mog qab zib thiab qhov ntim ntawm cov lim dej).
Ntu no siv cov khoom siv niaj hnub, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600), los soj ntsuam cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev o ntawm peb cov kua dej drilling. Lub LSM yog lub tshuab niaj hnub uas muaj ob yam khoom: lub phaj compactor thiab lub linear dilatometer (qauv: M4600). Cov phaj Bentonite tau npaj rau kev soj ntsuam siv Grace Core/Plate Compactor. Lub LSM ces muab cov ntaub ntawv tam sim ntawd o ntawm cov phaj no, uas tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam tag nrho ntawm cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kev o ntawm cov shale. Kev sim shale nthuav dav tau ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig, piv txwv li, 25 ° C thiab 1 psia.
Kev ntsuam xyuas kev ruaj khov ntawm cov pob zeb shale muaj xws li kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb uas feem ntau hu ua kev ntsuam xyuas rov qab los ntawm cov pob zeb shale, kev ntsuam xyuas shale dip lossis kev ntsuam xyuas shale dispersion. Txhawm rau pib qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no, cov ntoo shale raug cais tawm ntawm lub vijtsam #6 BSS thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau ntawm lub vijtsam #10. Cov ntoo txiav tom qab ntawd raug pub rau hauv lub tank tuav qhov twg lawv sib xyaw nrog cov kua dej thiab cov av nkos drilling uas muaj NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent). Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog muab cov khoom sib xyaw rau hauv qhov cub rau cov txheej txheem kub dov, xyuas kom meej tias cov ntoo txiav thiab cov av nkos tau sib xyaw kom huv si. Tom qab 16 teev, cov ntoo txiav raug tshem tawm ntawm cov pulp los ntawm kev cia cov shale lwj, ua rau txo qis qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntoo txiav. Kev ntsuam xyuas rov qab los ntawm cov pob zeb shale tau ua tom qab cov ntoo txiav shale tau tuav hauv cov av nkos drilling ntawm 150 ° C thiab 1000 psi. nti hauv 24 teev.
Yuav kom ntsuas tau qhov rov qab los ntawm cov av nkos shale, peb tau lim nws los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam zoo dua (40 mesh), tom qab ntawd ntxuav nws kom huv si nrog dej, thiab thaum kawg ziab nws hauv qhov cub. Cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm hnyav no tso cai rau peb kwv yees cov av nkos rov qab los piv rau qhov hnyav thawj, thaum kawg xam qhov feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm cov av nkos shale rov qab tau zoo. Qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv shale yog los ntawm Niah District, Miri District, Sarawak, Malaysia. Ua ntej kev sib kis thiab kev rov qab los, cov qauv shale tau raug rau kev tshuaj xyuas X-ray diffraction (XRD) kom paub meej tias lawv cov av nplaum muaj pes tsawg thiab paub meej tias lawv tsim nyog rau kev sim. Cov av nplaum muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qauv yog raws li nram no: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, thiab mica 19%.
Kev nruj ntawm qhov chaw yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tswj kev nkag mus ntawm cov dej cations mus rau hauv shale micropores los ntawm kev ua haujlwm capillary, uas yuav raug kawm kom ntxaws hauv ntu no. Daim ntawv no tshuaj xyuas lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev nruj ntawm qhov chaw hauv cov khoom sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kua dej drilling, qhia txog nws qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem drilling, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog shale inhibition. Peb siv lub interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) los ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kua dej drilling, qhia txog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj cwj pwm ntawm cov kua dej hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm shale inhibition.
Ntu no tham txog qhov sib nrug ntawm d-txheej, uas yog qhov sib nrug ntawm cov txheej aluminosilicate thiab ib txheej aluminosilicate hauv cov av nplaum. Kev tshuaj xyuas tau npog cov qauv av nkos ntub uas muaj 1%, 3% thiab 5% CA NADES, nrog rau 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl thiab 3% CC:urea raws li DES rau kev sib piv. Lub tshuab ntsuas X-ray diffractometer (D2 Phaser) uas ua haujlwm ntawm 40 mA thiab 45 kV nrog Cu-Kα hluav taws xob (λ = 1.54059 Å) tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sau cov ncov X-ray diffraction ntawm cov qauv Na-Bt ntub thiab qhuav. Kev siv Bragg equation ua rau muaj kev txiav txim siab raug ntawm qhov sib nrug ntawm d-txheej, yog li muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm tus cwj pwm av nplaum.
Ntu no siv cov cuab yeej Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP siab heev los ntsuas qhov muaj peev xwm zeta kom raug. Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no tau muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov av nkos uas muaj 1%, 3%, thiab 5% CA NADES, nrog rau 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, thiab 3% CC:urea-based DES rau kev sib piv. Cov txiaj ntsig no pab txhawb rau peb txoj kev nkag siab txog kev ruaj khov ntawm cov tshuaj colloidal thiab lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv cov kua dej.
Cov qauv av nplaum tau raug kuaj xyuas ua ntej thiab tom qab raug cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob ntuj (NADES) siv Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) uas muaj lub zog dispersive X-ray (EDX). Qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev thaij duab yog 500 nm thiab lub zog ntawm lub teeb hluav taws xob yog 30 kV thiab 50 kV. FESEM muab kev pom kev daws teeb meem siab ntawm cov qauv ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv av nplaum. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm NADES rau cov qauv av nplaum los ntawm kev sib piv cov duab tau txais ua ntej thiab tom qab raug.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb no, kev siv tshuab field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) tau siv los tshawb nrhiav qhov cuam tshuam ntawm NADES rau cov qauv av nplaum ntawm qib microscopic. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog los piav qhia txog kev siv tau ntawm NADES thiab nws cov nyhuv rau cov qauv av nplaum thiab qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom me me, uas yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev tshawb fawb hauv daim teb no.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb no, cov kab yuam kev tau siv los piav qhia txog qhov sib txawv thiab qhov tsis paub meej ntawm qhov feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm qhov yuam kev (AMPE) thoob plaws cov xwm txheej sim. Dua li ntawm kev kos duab tus nqi AMPE ib tus zuj zus (txij li thaum kos duab tus nqi AMPE tuaj yeem ua rau pom tsis meej thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv me me), peb xam cov kab yuam kev siv txoj cai 5%. Txoj hauv kev no ua kom ntseeg tau tias txhua kab yuam kev sawv cev rau lub sijhawm uas lub sijhawm ntseeg siab 95% thiab 100% ntawm cov nqi AMPE yuav poob, yog li muab cov ntsiab lus meej dua thiab luv dua ntawm kev faib cov ntaub ntawv rau txhua qhov xwm txheej sim. Kev siv cov kab yuam kev raws li txoj cai 5% yog li txhim kho kev txhais lus thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov duab sawv cev thiab pab muab kev nkag siab ntau ntxiv txog cov txiaj ntsig thiab lawv cov txiaj ntsig.
Hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj eutectic tob tob (NADES), ntau yam tseem ceeb tau raug kawm ua tib zoo thaum lub sijhawm npaj hauv tsev. Cov yam tseem ceeb no suav nrog qhov kub, molar ratio, thiab kev sib tov ceev. Peb cov kev sim qhia tau tias thaum HBA (citric acid) thiab HBD (glycerol) raug sib tov ntawm molar ratio ntawm 1: 4 ntawm 50 ° C, ib qho sib tov eutectic tau tsim. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov sib tov eutectic yog nws qhov pom tseeb, zoo ib yam, thiab tsis muaj av qeeg. Yog li, cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm molar ratio, kub, thiab kev sib tov ceev, ntawm cov uas molar ratio yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev npaj DES thiab NADES, raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 2.
Tus refractive index (n) qhia txog qhov sib piv ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev rau qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb hauv qhov thib ob, denser medium. Tus refractive index yog qhov txaus siab tshwj xeeb rau cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob ntuj (NADES) thaum xav txog cov ntawv thov optically rhiab heev xws li biosensors. Tus refractive index ntawm NADES kawm ntawm 25 ° C yog 1.452, uas yog qhov qis dua li ntawm glycerol.
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau tseg tias qhov ntsuas refractive ntawm NADES txo qis nrog qhov kub thiab txias, thiab qhov sib txawv no tuaj yeem piav qhia meej los ntawm cov mis (1) thiab Daim Duab 3, nrog rau qhov yuam kev feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm qhov nruab nrab (AMPE) ncav cuag 0%. Qhov kev coj cwj pwm nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias no yog piav qhia los ntawm qhov txo qis ntawm viscosity thiab density ntawm qhov kub siab, ua rau lub teeb mus ncig los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov ceev dua, ua rau muaj qhov ntsuas refractive qis dua (n). Cov txiaj ntsig no muab cov kev nkag siab zoo rau kev siv NADES hauv kev pom kev pom, qhia txog lawv lub peev xwm rau kev siv biosensor.
Qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw, uas qhia txog qhov kev nyiam ntawm qhov chaw ua kua kom txo nws thaj chaw, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev hauv kev ntsuam xyuas qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob (NADES) rau cov ntawv thov capillary siab. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw hauv qhov kub ntawm 25–60 ° C muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig. Ntawm 25 ° C, qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm citric acid-based NADES yog 55.42 mN / m, uas qis dua li ntawm dej thiab glycerol. Daim duab 4 qhia tau hais tias qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw txo qis nrog rau qhov kub nce ntxiv. Qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm lub zog kinetic molecular thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis hauv cov zog nyiam intermolecular.
Qhov kev txo qis ntawm qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw uas pom hauv NADES uas tau kawm tuaj yeem qhia tau zoo los ntawm kab zauv (2), uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lej hauv qhov kub ntawm 25–60 °C. Daim duab hauv Daim Duab 4 qhia meej txog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nro ntawm qhov chaw nrog qhov kub thiab txias nrog qhov yuam kev feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm qhov nruab nrab (AMPE) ntawm 1.4%, uas ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov nqi nro ntawm qhov chaw uas tau tshaj tawm. Cov txiaj ntsig no muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog tus cwj pwm ntawm NADES thiab nws cov kev siv tau.
Kev nkag siab txog qhov ceev ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic ntuj (NADES) yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev siv lawv hauv ntau txoj kev tshawb fawb. Qhov ceev ntawm citric acid-based NADES ntawm 25 ° C yog 1.361 g / cm3, uas siab dua qhov ceev ntawm niam txiv glycerol. Qhov sib txawv no tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev ntxiv ntawm tus neeg txais hydrogen bond (citric acid) rau glycerol.
Piv txwv li, siv citrate-based NADES, nws qhov ceev poob qis mus rau 1.19 g/cm3 ntawm 60°C. Qhov nce ntawm lub zog kinetic thaum cua sov ua rau cov NADES molecules tawg, ua rau lawv nyob hauv qhov ntim loj dua, ua rau qhov ceev txo qis. Qhov kev txo qis ntawm qhov ceev pom qhia txog qee qhov kev sib raug zoo nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas tuaj yeem qhia tau zoo los ntawm cov mis (3). Daim duab 5 qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm NADES qhov hloov pauv ceev nrog qhov yuam kev feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm qhov nruab nrab (AMPE) ntawm 1.12%, uas muab kev ntsuas ntau ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm cov nqi ceev tau tshaj tawm.
Viscosity yog lub zog nyiam ntawm cov txheej sib txawv ntawm cov kua dej hauv kev txav mus los thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog kev siv tau ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob (NADES) hauv ntau yam kev siv. Ntawm 25 ° C, qhov viscosity ntawm NADES yog 951 cP, uas siab dua li ntawm glycerol.
Qhov pom kev txo qis ntawm viscosity nrog rau qhov kub nce ntxiv yog feem ntau piav qhia los ntawm kev qaug zog ntawm cov zog nyiam intermolecular. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev txo qis ntawm viscosity ntawm cov kua dej, qhov sib txawv pom tseeb hauv Daim Duab 6 thiab ntsuas los ntawm Equation (4). Qhov tseem ceeb, ntawm 60 ° C, viscosity poob rau 898 cP nrog rau qhov yuam kev feem pua ​​​​​​ntawm qhov nruab nrab (AMPE) ntawm 1.4%. Kev nkag siab txog qhov viscosity piv rau qhov kub thiab txias nyob ntawm NADES yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau nws daim ntawv thov.
Lub pH ntawm cov tshuaj, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov logarithm tsis zoo ntawm cov hydrogen ion concentration, yog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov ntawv thov pH-sensitive xws li DNA synthesis, yog li ntawd lub pH ntawm NADES yuav tsum tau kawm ua tib zoo ua ntej siv. Siv citric acid-based NADES ua piv txwv, ib qho acidic pH ntawm 1.91 tuaj yeem pom, uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov pH nruab nrab ntawm glycerol.
Qhov nthuav yog, pH ntawm cov kua qaub citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) tau qhia txog qhov tsis sib xws nrog qhov kub nce ntxiv. Qhov xwm txheej no yog vim muaj kev co ntawm cov molecular uas cuam tshuam rau H + qhov sib npaug hauv cov tshuaj, ua rau muaj cov ions [H] + thiab, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv tus nqi pH. Thaum lub pH ntuj ntawm citric acid ntau ntawm 3 txog 5, qhov muaj cov hydrogen acidic hauv glycerol ua rau pH qis dua rau 1.91.
Tus cwj pwm pH ntawm citrate-based NADES nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm 25–60 °C tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm kab zauv (5), uas muab cov lus qhia lej rau qhov sib txawv pH uas tau pom. Daim duab 7 qhia txog qhov kev sib raug zoo no, qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau pH ntawm NADES, uas tau tshaj tawm tias yog 1.4% rau AMPE.
Kev tshuaj xyuas Thermogravimetric (TGA) ntawm cov kua qaub citric acid tob eutectic (NADES) tau ua tiav hauv qhov kub thiab txias txij li chav tsev kub txog 500 °C. Raws li pom los ntawm Daim Duab 8a thiab b, qhov poob phaus thawj zaug txog 100 °C feem ntau yog vim dej nqus thiab dej hydration cuam tshuam nrog citric acid thiab glycerol ntshiab. Kev khaws cia hnyav tseem ceeb ntawm kwv yees li 88% tau pom txog 180 °C, uas feem ntau yog vim kev lwj ntawm citric acid mus rau aconitic acid thiab tom qab ntawd tsim methylmaleic anhydride (III) thaum cua sov ntxiv (Daim Duab 8 b). Saum toj no 180 °C, pom tseeb ntawm acrolein (acrylaldehyde) hauv glycerol kuj tuaj yeem pom, raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 8b37.
Kev tshuaj xyuas Thermogravimetric (TGA) ntawm glycerol tau qhia txog ob theem ntawm kev poob phaus. Theem pib (180 txog 220 °C) cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov acrolein, ua raws li kev poob phaus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kub siab ntawm 230 txog 300 °C (Daim Duab 8a). Thaum qhov kub nce ntxiv, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane, thiab hydrogen raug tsim ua ntu zus. Qhov tseem ceeb, tsuas yog 28% ntawm qhov hnyav tau khaws cia ntawm 300 °C, qhia tias cov khoom intrinsic ntawm NADES 8 (a) 38,39 tej zaum yuav tsis zoo.
Yuav kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsim cov tshuaj sib txuas tshiab, cov tshuaj ncua tshiab uas tau npaj tseg ntawm cov kuab tshuaj eutectic tob tob (NADES) tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua los ntawm kev sib piv cov spectrum ntawm NADES suspension nrog cov spectra ntawm cov kua qaub citric acid ntshiab (CA) thiab glycerol (Gly). Cov spectrum CA tau qhia cov ncov meej meej ntawm 1752 1/cm2 thiab 1673 1/cm2, uas sawv cev rau kev co ntawm C=O bond thiab kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm CA. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv OH bending vibration ntawm 1360 1/cm2 tau pom hauv thaj chaw ntiv tes, raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 9.
Ib yam li ntawd, thaum siv glycerol, qhov kev hloov ntawm OH ncab thiab khoov kev co tau pom ntawm cov nthwv dej ntawm 3291 1/cm2 thiab 1414 1/cm2, raws li. Tam sim no, los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov spectrum ntawm NADES uas tau npaj tseg, qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov spectrum tau pom. Raws li pom hauv Daim Duab 7, qhov kev co ncab ntawm C = O daim ntawv cog lus hloov ntawm 1752 1/cm2 mus rau 1720 1/cm2 thiab qhov kev co khoov ntawm -OH daim ntawv cog lus ntawm glycerol hloov ntawm 1414 1/cm2 mus rau 1359 1/cm2. Cov kev hloov pauv no hauv cov nthwv dej qhia txog qhov kev hloov pauv hauv electronegativity, uas qhia txog kev tsim cov tshuaj sib txuas tshiab hauv cov qauv ntawm NADES.