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Yog koj muaj tus lej ua tswv cuab ntawm ACS, thov sau rau ntawm no kom peb thiaj li txuas tau tus account no rau koj tus tswv cuab. (Xaiv tau)
ACS saib koj txoj kev ceev ntiag tug tseem ceeb heev. Los ntawm kev xa koj cov ntaub ntawv, koj tuaj yeem mus saib C&EN thiab sau npe rau peb cov xov xwm txhua lub lim tiam. Peb siv cov ntaub ntawv koj muab los txhim kho koj qhov kev nyeem ntawv, thiab peb yuav tsis muag koj cov ntaub ntawv rau cov tswv cuab thib peb.
Xyoo 2005, lub tuam txhab loj Colgate-Palmolive tau tawm hauv kev lag luam ntxuav khaub ncaws hauv North America los ntawm kev muag cov khoom xws li Fab thiab Dynamo rau Phoenix Brands. Peb xyoos tom qab, lwm lub tuam txhab loj, Unilever, tau muag nws cov khoom ntxuav khaub ncaws hauv Asmeskas suav nrog All thiab Wisk rau Sun Products.
Qhov kev muag nws txoj kev lag luam rau ob lub tuam txhab me me ua rau P&G lub khw muag khoom kim heev hauv Tebchaws Meskas cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws yuav luag tsis muaj kev sib tw. Qhov nthuav yog, Procter & Gamble tsis tau tshaj tawm qhov yeej.
Tseeb tiag, xyoo 2014, Alan G. Lafley, tus thawj coj ntawm Procter & Gamble (P&G), tau khuv xim rau Unilever txoj kev thim rov qab. Nws hais tias nws tau kov yeej kev lag luam nruab nrab ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws, ua rau P&G cov khoom lag luam feem ntau tsom mus rau kev lag luam siab, thaum muab cov khoom qis nrog peb tus neeg sib tw. Procter & Gamble yog tus ua lag luam ntawm cov npe nrov xws li Tide thiab Gain. Nws suav txog yuav luag 60% ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas, tab sis qhov no yog kev lag luam tsis ruaj khov, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab nws cov neeg sib tw.
Ib xyoos tom qab, ib lub tuam txhab German Henkel uas yog ib lub tuam txhab sib tw, tau hloov pauv ntau yam. Lub tuam txhab tau qhia nws cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws zoo Persil rau Tebchaws Meskas, thawj zaug muag los ntawm Wal-Mart xwb, thiab tom qab ntawd tau tso tawm ntawm cov khw muag khoom xws li Target. Xyoo 2016, Henkel tau ua rau muaj kev tsis meej pem ntxiv los ntawm kev yuav Sun Products.
Qhov kev tsim tawm ntawm Persil tau ua rau kev lag luam tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws rov qab muaj zog dua, tab sis nws yuav sai dua li Lafley xav. Lub Tsib Hlis tas los, thaum phau ntawv xov xwm "Consumer Report" tau xaiv ib qho ntawm Henkel cov khoom tshiab, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, uas yog tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws Asmeskas ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, nws thiab lwm tus thawj coj ntawm P&G yuav tsum xav tsis thoob. Kev ua koob tsheej tau thawb Tide mus rau qhov thib ob thawj zaug hauv ntau xyoo.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) tau rov tsim nws cov khoom lag luam loj thawj zaug Tide Ultra Stain Release hauv xyoo 2016. Lub tuam txhab tau hais tias nws tau ntxiv cov surfactants thiab tshem tawm qee cov dej, ua rau cov mis mos ntom dua thiab muaj zog dua uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tshem tawm cov xim. Phau ntawv xov xwm tau hais tias cov khoom no tau nyob saum toj kawg nkaus hauv kev tshuaj xyuas Consumer Reports tom qab, txawm hais tias nws tsis tseem ceeb raws li kev suav lej.
Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Tshaj Tawm tsis ntev los no tau teev cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws Tide Plus Ultra thiab Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ua ob hom tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas. C&EN yuav tshuaj xyuas cov khoom xyaw uas ua rau muaj qhov xwm txheej no, nrog rau lawv cov kev siv thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.
Cov Neeg Siv Khoom Tshaj Tawm tsis ntev los no tau teev cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws Tide Plus Ultra thiab Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ua ob hom tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas. C&EN yuav tshuaj xyuas cov khoom xyaw uas ua rau muaj qhov xwm txheej no, nrog rau lawv cov kev siv thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.
Tseem ntxov dhau los hais seb Henkel puas yuav sib tw nrog P&G kom cov neeg siv khoom Asmeskas yuav cov tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws zoo. Tab sis yog tias cov kws tshuaj ntawm P&G xav tias tsis txaus siab vim tsis muaj kev sib tw, lawv yuav raug tshem tawm.
Shoaib Arif, tus thawj tswj kev siv thiab kev pabcuam kev txawj ntse ntawm Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, piav qhia tias hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Tide thiab Persil yog cov khoom zoo rau kev lag luam thiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub qib kev ua tau zoo. Tau ntau xyoo, Arif thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Pilot tau pab ntau lub tuam txhab tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tsev tshiab thiab lwm yam khoom ntxuav.
Hauv kev lag luam qis, nws yog ib qho tshuaj ntxuav uas pheej yig heev. Raws li Arif, nws tsuas muaj cov tshuaj surfactant pheej yig xwb, xws li linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) nrog rau cov tsw qab thiab xim. Theem tom ntej ntawm cov khoom yuav ntxiv cov surfactant adjuvants lossis builders, xws li sodium citrate, tackifier thiab lwm yam surfactant.
LABS yog ib qho anionic surfactant, uas zoo rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom me me ntawm cov ntaub thiab ua haujlwm zoo rau ntawm daim ntaub paj rwb. Qhov thib ob surfactant yog ethanol ethoxylate, ib qho non-ionic surfactant, uas zoo dua li LABS, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tshem tawm cov roj thiab av ntawm cov xov hluavtaws.
Hauv txheej thib peb, cov neeg tsim cov tshuaj pleev xim yuav ntxiv cov tshuaj pleev xim rau qhov muag ntawm tus nqi qis dua me ntsis. Cov tshuaj pleev xim rau qhov muag no nqus tau lub teeb ultraviolet thiab tso nws mus rau hauv thaj chaw xiav kom ua rau cov khaub ncaws zoo li ci dua. Cov tshuaj surfactants zoo dua, cov neeg sawv cev chelating, lwm cov tshuaj tsim thiab cov polymers tiv thaiv kev rov ua dua feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev xim no, uas tuaj yeem ntes cov av ntawm cov dej ntxuav kom tiv thaiv nws kom tsis txhob rov qab los rau ntawm cov ntaub dua.
Cov tshuaj ntxuav uas kim tshaj plaws yog cov uas muaj cov surfactant ntau thiab ntau yam surfactants, xws li alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid xab npum thiab cations. Cov polymers ntes av txawv teb chaws (qee cov uas tsim los rau cov tuam txhab xws li Procter & Gamble thiab Henkel) thiab cov enzymes kuj poob rau hauv pawg no.
Txawm li cas los xij, Arif ceeb toom tias kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov khoom xyaw coj nws tus kheej cov teeb meem. Rau qee qhov, kev tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb, thiab cov kws tshuaj paub txog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, xws li qhov ua haujlwm ntawm cov surfactants.
Nws piav hais tias: "Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tus qauv tau tsim tiav lawm, txhua yam no yuav cuam tshuam rau ib leeg, thiab koj tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees tau tias tus qauv kawg yuav ua li cas." "Koj tseem yuav tsum sim kom paub tseeb tias nws ua haujlwm hauv lub neej tiag tiag."
Piv txwv li, cov surfactants thiab cov builders tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm enzyme, Arif hais. Cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tuaj yeem siv cov enzyme stabilizers (xws li sodium borate thiab calcium formate) los daws qhov teeb meem no.
Franco Pala, tus kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm Battelle's World Detergent Project, tau taw qhia tias cov surfactant ntau uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem. "Nws tsis yooj yim rau ntxiv ntau surfactants ntawm qhov concentration siab heev," Pala piav qhia. Kev yaj ua teeb meem, thiab kev sib cuam tshuam tsis zoo ntawm surfactants kuj ua teeb meem.
Qhov kev pab cuam Battelle uas muaj ntau tus neeg siv khoom ua tus thawj coj tau pib thaum xyoo 1990s los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom lag luam tu thoob ntiaj teb loj. Battelle siv ntau yam cuab yeej tshawb fawb los pab cov tswv hom lag luam thiab cov neeg muab khoom siv raw mus dhau daim ntawv teev cov khoom xyaw kom nkag siab, piv txwv li, qib ntawm ethoxylation ntawm surfactants lossis seb surfactant backbone yog linear lossis branched.
Para hais tias niaj hnub no, cov polymers yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab hauv cov khoom xyaw ntxuav khaub ncaws. Piv txwv li, ob qho tib si Tide thiab Persil cov khoom muaj polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, uas yog cov polymer nqus av uas tsim los ntawm BASF rau Procter & Gamble, tab sis tam sim no muaj ntau dua rau cov chaw tsim khoom ntxuav khaub ncaws.
Pala tau taw qhia tias terephthalic acid copolymers kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv qee cov tshuaj ntxuav zoo, uas yuav npog cov ntaub thaum lub sijhawm ntxuav, ua rau nws yooj yim tshem tawm cov xim av thiab av qias neeg thaum lub sijhawm ntxuav tom qab. Battelle siv cov cuab yeej xws li gel permeation chromatography los cais cov polymers thiab tom qab ntawd siv infrared spectroscopy los txiav txim siab lawv cov qauv.
Qhov kev pab cuam Battelle kuj tseem ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov enzymes, uas yog cov khoom biotech uas cov chaw tsim khoom txuas ntxiv txhim kho txhua xyoo. Txhawm rau ntsuam xyuas qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov enzyme, Pala pab neeg tau muab cov enzyme rau hauv cov substrate uas muaj chromophore. Thaum cov enzyme ua rau cov substrate puas tsuaj, cov chromophore raug tso tawm thiab ntsuas los ntawm kev nqus lossis fluorescence spectroscopy.
Cov proteases uas tawm tsam cov protein yog thawj cov enzymes ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntxuav khaub ncaws thaum xyoo 1960s. Cov enzymes tom qab ntawd ntxiv rau hauv cov khoom siv suav nrog amylase, uas zom cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, thiab mannanase, uas rhuav tshem cov khoom ua kom tuab rau cov roj hmab guar. Thaum cov khoom noj uas muaj guar (xws li ice cream thiab cov kua ntses barbecue) nchuav rau ntawm cov khaub ncaws, cov roj hmab zom yuav nyob ntawm cov khaub ncaws txawm tias tom qab ntxuav lawm. Nws tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub thiab siv zoo li kua nplaum rau cov av granular, tsim cov xim uas nyuaj rau tshem tawm.
Ob leeg Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 thiab Tide Ultra Stain Release muaj protease, amylase thiab mannanase.
Persil kuj muaj lipase (uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov rog) thiab cellulase (uas tuaj yeem ntxuav tsis ncaj qha los ntawm kev hydrolyzing qee cov glycosidic bonds hauv paj rwb fiber) kom tshem tawm cov av uas txuas nrog cov fiber. Cellulase kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau paj rwb mos thiab txhim kho nws cov xim ci. Tib lub sijhawm, raws li cov ntaub ntawv patent, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tidal detergent yog glucanase, uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov polysaccharides uas amylase tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem.
Novozymes thiab DuPont tau ntev los ua cov chaw tsim cov enzymes loj, tab sis BASF nyuam qhuav nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam hauv daim ntawv ntawm proteases. Ntawm Lub Rooj Sib Tham Txog Cov Khoom Siv Ntxuav uas tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees lub caij nplooj zeeg dhau los, BASF tau txhawb nqa kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm nws cov protease tshiab thiab polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, hais tias qhov sib xyaw ua ke muab kev ua tau zoo dua rau cov neeg siv khoom uas xav tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav rau kev ntxuav kub qis.
Qhov tseeb, Arif thiab lwm tus neeg soj ntsuam kev lag luam hais tias kev tso cai rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua cov khoom xyaw uas xav tau kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg lossis kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim yog ciam teb tom ntej hauv kev lag luam. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis xyoo tas los, P&G tau tsim Tide Purclean, ib qho version ntawm nws lub npe nrov, uas 65% ntawm cov khoom xyaw los ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tom qab ntawd, thaum Lub Kaum Hli, Unilever tau txais Seventh Generation, lub tuam txhab tsim cov tshuaj ntxuav tes cog thiab lwm yam khoom ntxuav, kom rov nkag mus rau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj ntxuav tes hauv Tebchaws Meskas.
Txawm hais tias kev hloov cov khoom xyaw zoo tshaj plaws mus ua cov tshuaj ntxuav uas tau txais txiaj ntsig yeej ib txwm yog qhov nyuaj, "qhov sib txawv niaj hnub no yog ntuj ntau dua," Arif hais. "Cov neeg siv khoom nug, 'Peb yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau cov khoom ntuj uas tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig, tab sis tseem ua tau zoo?"